摘要:
COVID-19 emerges as a pandemic disease with high mortality. Development of effective prevention and treatment is an urgent need. We reviewed TH17 responses in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and proposed an FDA approved JAK2 inhibitor Fedratinib for reducing mortality of patients with TH17 type immune profiles. Copyright (C) 2020, Taiwan Society of Microbiology. Published by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.
期刊:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2020年117(1):271-277 ISSN:0027-8424
通讯作者:
Wan, Jianmin;Yuan, Longping
作者机构:
[Liu, Yuqiang; Xiao, Shizhuo; Liu, Yanling; Fan, Dejia; Yang, Chunyan; Qiu, Zeyu; He, Jun; Wen, Peizheng; Huang, Jie; Shen, Zijie; Wan, Jianmin; Jiang, Ling; Chen, Xianian; Liu, Daoming] Nanjing Agr Univ, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engn Res Ctr, State Key Lab Crop Genet & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing 210095, Peoples R China.;[Xin, Yeyun; Yuan, Dingyang; Yuan, Longping] China Natl Hybrid Rice Res & Dev Ctr, State Key Lab Hybrid Rice, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;[Duan, Meijuan] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410006, Peoples R China.;[Wan, Jianmin] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Sci, Natl Key Facil Crop Gene Resources & Genet Improv, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.
通讯机构:
[Wan, Jianmin] N;[Yuan, Longping; Wan, Jianmin] C;Nanjing Agr Univ, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engn Res Ctr, State Key Lab Crop Genet & Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing 210095, Peoples R China.;China Natl Hybrid Rice Res & Dev Ctr, State Key Lab Hybrid Rice, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Sci, Natl Key Facil Crop Gene Resources & Genet Improv, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.
关键词:
brown planthopper;lignin;phenylalanine ammonia-lyase;rice;salicylic acid
摘要:
Brown planthopper (BPH) is one of the most destructive insects affecting rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme involved in plant defense against pathogens, but the role of PAL in insect resistance is still poorly understood. Here we show that expression of the majority of PALs in rice is significantly induced by BPH feeding. Knockdown of OsPALs significantly reduces BPH resistance, whereas overexpression of OsPAL8 in a susceptible rice cultivar significantly enhances its BPH resistance. We found that OsPALs mediate resistance to BPH by regulating the biosynthesis and accumulation of salicylic acid and lignin. Furthermore, we show that expression of OsPAL6 and OsPAL8 in response to BPH attack is directly up-regulated by OsMYB30, an R2R3 MYB transcription factor. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the phenylpropanoid pathway plays an important role in BPH resistance response, and provide valuable targets for genetic improvement of BPH resistance in rice.
摘要:
Millions of Chinese smallholder farmers were persuaded to adopt enhanced management practices, which led to a greater yield, reduced nitrogen fertilizer use and improved environmental performance throughout China. Two and a half billion smallholder farmers collectively manage 60 per cent of the world's arable land. How these farmers perform determines their own livelihood, but also affects global food security and ecosystem health. Here, Fusuo Zhang and colleagues show how some straightforward interventions have substantially improved the productivity and environmental performance of smallholder farmers across China over the past ten years. The team carried out more than 13,000 field trials across China's main agroecological zones and found that a series of management practices, collectively termed integrated soil–crop system management, increased maize, wheat and rice yields, nitrogen-use efficiency and farmer profitability. Scaling this approach up to 20.9 million smallholder farmer across 452 counties boosted grain yields to 33 million tonnes over the ten-year period, and reduced fertilizer use by 1.2 million tonnes and greenhouse gas emissions by up to 13 per cent. Sustainably feeding a growing population is a grand challenge1,2,3, and one that is particularly difficult in regions that are dominated by smallholder farming. Despite local successes4,5,6,7,8, mobilizing vast smallholder communities with science- and evidence-based management practices to simultaneously address production and pollution problems has been infeasible. Here we report the outcome of concerted efforts in engaging millions of Chinese smallholder farmers to adopt enhanced management practices for greater yield and environmental performance. First, we conducted field trials across China’s major agroecological zones to develop locally applicable recommendations using a comprehensive decision-support program. Engaging farmers to adopt those recommendations involved the collaboration of a core network of 1,152 researchers with numerous extension agents and agribusiness personnel. From 2005 to 2015, about 20.9 million farmers in 452 counties adopted enhanced management practices in fields with a total of 37.7 million cumulative hectares over the years. Average yields (maize, rice and wheat) increased by 10.8–11.5%, generating a net grain output of 33 million tonnes (Mt). At the same time, application of nitrogen decreased by 14.7–18.1%, saving 1.2 Mt of nitrogen fertilizers. The increased grain output and decreased nitrogen fertilizer use were equivalent to US$12.2 billion. Estimated reactive nitrogen losses averaged 4.5–4.7 kg nitrogen per Megagram (Mg) with the intervention compared to 6.0–6.4 kg nitrogen per Mg without. Greenhouse gas emissions were 328 kg, 812 kg and 434 kg CO2 equivalent per Mg of maize, rice and wheat produced, respectively, compared to 422 kg, 941 kg and 549 kg CO2 equivalent per Mg without the intervention. On the basis of a large-scale survey (8.6 million farmer participants) and scenario analyses, we further demonstrate the potential impacts of implementing the enhanced management practices on China’s food security and sustainability outlook.
通讯机构:
Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes (OEPG), 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, France
摘要:
Allotetraploid oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an agriculturally important crop. Cultivation and breeding of B. napus by humans has resulted in numerous genetically diverse morphotypes with optimized agronomic traits and ecophysiological adaptation. To further understand the genetic basis of diversification and adaptation, we report a draft genome of an Asian semi-winter oilseed rape cultivar 'ZS11' and its comprehensive genomic comparison with the genomes of the winter-type cultivar 'Darmor-bzh' as well as two progenitors. The integrated BAC-to-BAC and whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategies were effective in the assembly of repetitive regions (especially young long terminal repeats) and resulted in a high-quality genome assembly of B. napus 'ZS11'. Within a short evolutionary period (similar to 6700years ago), semi-winter-type 'ZS11' and the winter-type 'Darmor-bzh' maintained highly genomic collinearity. Even so, certain genetic differences were also detected in two morphotypes. Relative to Darmor-bzh', both two subgenomes of 'ZS11' are closely related to its progenitors, and the 'ZS11' genome harbored several specific segmental homoeologous exchanges (HEs). Furthermore, the semi-winter-type 'ZS11' underwent potential genomic introgressions with B. rapa (A(r)). Some of these genetic differences were associated with key agronomic traits. A key gene of A03.FLC3 regulating vernalization-responsive flowering time in 'ZS11' was first experienced HE, and then underwent genomic introgression event with A(r), which potentially has led to genetic differences in controlling vernalization in the semi-winter types. Our observations improved our understanding of the genetic diversity of different B. napus morphotypes and the cultivation history of semi-winter oilseed rape in Asia. Significance Statement We generated a high-quality reference genome sequence of semi-winter Brassica napus. Our BAC-to-BAC strategy was effective in the assembly of repetitive regions. The main phenotypic difference between semi-winter and winter B. napus morphotypes is the vernalization requirement. Here, we found that a key gene controlling the vernalization-responsive flowering time was altered in the semi-winter type ZS11' through both homoeologous exchanges and genomic introgression with B. rapa.
摘要:
Polyploidization has provided much genetic variation for plant adaptive evolution, but the mechanisms by which the molecular evolution of polyploid genomes establishes genetic architecture underlying species differentiation are unclear. Brassica is an ideal model to increase knowledge of polyploid evolution. Here we describe a draft genome sequence of Brassica oleracea, comparing it with that of its sister species B. rapa to reveal numerous chromosome rearrangements and asymmetrical gene loss in duplicated genomic blocks, asymmetrical amplification of transposable elements, differential gene co-retention for specific pathways and variation in gene expression, including alternative splicing, among a large number of paralogous and orthologous genes. Genes related to the production of anticancer phytochemicals and morphological variations illustrate consequences of genome duplication and gene divergence, imparting biochemical and morphological variation to B. oleracea. This study provides insights into Brassica genome evolution and will underpin research into the many important crops in this genus.
摘要:
In an experiment across China to test integrated soil–crop system management for rice, wheat and maize against current practice, improvements in grain yield are equivalent to high-input techniques, but nutrient use, nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions are lower than current practice. Integrated soil–crop system management is a technique that aims to maximize yield and minimize environmental impact by adapting cropping systems to local conditions through optimal nutrient application, seasonal timing and the use of the best crop varieties. Fusuo Zhang and colleagues report the results of a China-wide test of this technique for the three main cereal crops — rice, wheat and maize. In comparisons with current practice and high input techniques, the authors find that the integrated system achieves yield improvements equivalent to high input techniques but with lower nutrient use, nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions than those found with the current practice. Agriculture faces great challenges to ensure global food security by increasing yields while reducing environmental costs1,2. Here we address this challenge by conducting a total of 153 site-year field experiments covering the main agro-ecological areas for rice, wheat and maize production in China. A set of integrated soil–crop system management practices based on a modern understanding of crop ecophysiology and soil biogeochemistry increases average yields for rice, wheat and maize from 7.2million grams per hectare (Mgha−1), 7.2Mgha−1 and 10.5Mgha−1 to 8.5Mgha−1, 8.9Mgha−1 and 14.2Mgha−1, respectively, without any increase in nitrogen fertilizer. Model simulation and life-cycle assessment3 show that reactive nitrogen losses and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced substantially by integrated soil–crop system management. If farmers in China could achieve average grain yields equivalent to 80% of this treatment by 2030, over the same planting area as in 2012, total production of rice, wheat and maize in China would be more than enough to meet the demand for direct human consumption and a substantially increased demand for animal feed, while decreasing the environmental costs of intensive agriculture.
作者:
Chalhoub, Boulos;Denoeud, France;Liu, Shengyi;Parkin, Isobel A. P.;Tang, Haibao;...
期刊:
Science,2014年345(6199):950-953 ISSN:0036-8075
通讯作者:
Chalhoub, B.
作者机构:
[Samans, Birgit; Snowdon, Rod J.] Department of Plant Breeding, Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany.;[Guan, Mei; Liu, Zhongsong; Guan, Chunyun] College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.;[Town, Christopher D.] J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.;Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry, University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China.;[Renault, Victor] Fondation Jean Dausset–Centre d’Étude du Polymorphisme Humain, 27 rue Juliette Dodu, 75010 Paris, France.
通讯机构:
[Boulos Chalhoub] I;[Isobel A. P. Parkin; David Edwards] A;[Yongming Zhou; Andrew G. Sharpe] N;[Wei Hua] K;[Andrew H. Paterson] P
摘要:
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was formed ~7500 years ago by hybridization between B. rapa and B. oleracea, followed by chromosome doubling, a process known as allopolyploidy. Together with more ancient polyploidizations, this conferred an aggregate 72× genome multiplication since the origin of angiosperms and high gene content. We examined the B. napus genome and the consequences of its recent duplication. The constituent An and Cn subgenomes are engaged in subtle structural, functional, and epigenetic cross-talk, with abundant homeologous exchanges. Incipient gene loss and expression divergence have begun. Selection in B. napus oilseed types has accelerated the loss of glucosinolate genes, while preserving expansion of oil biosynthesis genes. These processes provide insights into allopolyploid evolution and its relationship with crop domestication and improvement.
作者:
Chalhoub, Boulos*;Denoeud, France;Liu, Shengyi;Parkin, Isobel A. P.;Tang, Haibao;...
期刊:
Science,2014年345(6199):950-953 ISSN:0036-8075
通讯作者:
Chalhoub, Boulos
作者机构:
[Vinh Ha Dinh Thi; Mestiri, Imen; Chalabi, Smahane; Jabbari, Kamel; Just, Jeremy; Lu, Yunhai; Arnaud, Dominique; Canaguier, Aurelie; Le Clainche, Isabelle; Chalhoub, Boulos; Chelaifa, Houda; Belcram, Harry] Univ Evry Val dEssone, Inst Natl Rech Agron INRA, Unite Rech Genom Vegetale, UMR1165, F-91057 Evry, France.;[Da Silva, Corinne; Denoeud, France; Bento, Pascal; Wincker, Patrick; Labadie, Karine; Alberti, Adriana; Correa, Margot; Noel, Benjamin; Bernard, Maria; Aury, Jean-Marc; Battail, Christophe] Commissariat Energie Atom CEA, Inst Genom IG, F-91057 Evry, France.;[Denoeud, France; Wincker, Patrick] Univ Evry Val dEssone, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.;[Denoeud, France; Wincker, Patrick] Ctr Natl Rech Sci CNRS, UMR 8030, Evry, France.;[Hu, Qiong; Wang, Xinfa; Tong, Chaobo; Liu, Shengyi; Hua, Wei] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Oil Crops, Minist Agr Peoples Republ China, Oil Crops Res Inst, Wuhan 430062, Peoples R China.
通讯机构:
[Chalhoub, Boulos] U;Univ Evry Val dEssone, Inst Natl Rech Agron INRA, Unite Rech Genom Vegetale, UMR1165, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux, F-91057 Evry, France.
摘要:
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was formed ∼7500 years ago by hybridization between B. rapa and B. oleracea, followed by chromosome doubling, a process known as allopolyploidy. Together with more ancient polyploidizations, this conferred an aggregate 72x genome multiplication since the origin of angiosperms and high gene content.We examined the B. napus genome and the consequences of its recent duplication. The constituent An and Cn subgenomes are engaged in subtle structural, functional, and epigenetic cross-talk, with abundant homeologous exchanges. Incipient gene loss and expression divergence have begun. Selection in B. napus oilseed types has accelerated the loss of glucosinolate genes, while preserving expansion of oil biosynthesis genes. These processes provide insights into allopolyploid evolution and its relationship with crop domestication and improvement.