作者机构：
[Guan, Chunyun; Zhang, Yin; Chen, Can; Huang, Huang; Xu, Ying] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Guan, Chunyun; Zhang, Yin; Chen, Can; Huang, Huang] Hunan Engn Res Ctr Rice Field Ecol Planting & Bree, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Li, Zhengyou] Fisheries Res Inst Guizhou Prov, Guiyang 550025, Peoples R China.;[Luo, Jun] Congjiang Agr & Rural Bur Guizhou Prov, Congjiang 557400, Peoples R China.;[Ren, Bo] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Huang Huang] C;College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Engineering Research Center of Rice Field Ecological Planting and Breeding, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
关键词：
rice-fish-duck symbiosis system;globally important agricultural heritage system;value;technology;challenge;countermeasure
摘要：
The Chinese rice-fish-duck symbiosis system is one of the globally important agricultural heritage systems, with a history of nearly a thousand years. It embodies the wisdom of the Chinese ancestors and has huge comprehensive value, which has extremely important references for the sustainable development of agriculture. The technological core for the rice-fish-duck symbiosis system lies in the selection of rice, fish, and duck varieties and the coupling of agricultural operation time. In the process of modern agriculture, many varieties with high comprehensive benefits have also been applied to the rice-fish-duck system, and the rice-fish-duck model has been further developed. What is worrying is that the transfer of rural labor, the promotion of modern agricultural technology, the low degree of marketization and industrialization, the weakening of cultural awareness, and the change in climate have posed huge threats and challenges to the traditional Chinese rice-fish-duck system. The protection and development of the system are urgently needed. Therefore, we recommend delimiting active protection areas, establishing scientific research bases, improving relevant systems, developing rural tourism markets, and innovating farming technology, which also provide guidance for protecting and developing other agricultural cultural heritages.
关键词：
base fertility;soil nutrients;enzyme activity;fertilizer application patterns
摘要：
The majority of crop-growing areas in China have low or medium fertility levels, which limits the yield of crops grown in those areas. Fertilizer application can improve soil quality, but the effects of such treatments vary depending on the base soil fertility. However, the specific differences associated with the application of different fertilizer types to soils of varying fertility levels have yet to be clearly delineated. Here, the influences of several fertilizer types on physical, chemical, and biological soil indicators were assessed in rice fields in the red soil area of Hunan Province with varying base fertility levels: Hehua (low fertility), Dahu (medium fertility), and Longfu (high fertility). Four treatments were applied to these fields: no fertilizer, standard fertilizer, 60% chemical fertilizer + 40% organic fertilizer, and 100% chemical fertilizer. Across the three sites and treatment groups, the largest increases in total nitrogen and phosphorus contents were in Hehua and Longfu, respectively. Soil organic matter content increased most significantly in Hehua. Application of any type of fertilizer increased the total and fast-acting nutrient content in the low-yielding fields, whereas organic fertilizers increased the nutrient content and soil biological indicators more than chemical fertilizer alone did; the effect of organic fertilizer application on the combined enzyme activity of the soil was also higher than that of chemical fertilizers alone. Overall, these experiments provide a theoretical basis and technical support for rational fertilizer application and improvement of Hunan's red soil quality based on the natural soil fertility levels.
通讯机构：
[Chunyun Guan; Mei Guan] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Branch of National Oilseed Crops Improvement Center, Changsha 410128, China
摘要：
The overuse of chemical fertilizers has caused various ecological problems in China, necessitating the development of organic alternative fertilizers. There are few studies on the rapidly emerging organic fertilizer rapeseed green manure, despite the importance of understanding its decomposition efficiency and impact on soil. In this study, using plant residue from 14 rapeseed cultivars, we examined the 30-day decomposition changes under conditions A and B (150 and 300 g of plant residue returned, respectively) and detected the effects of their decomposition on soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and microorganisms. Under condition B, the 30-day cumulative decomposition and nutrient release rates of rapeseed were higher than those under condition A, and the rapeseed decomposition rate exceeded 50% under both conditions, which is similar to results in legume green fertilizers. Moreover, the decomposition of rapeseed green manure significantly increased the soil nutrient content and effectively improved the soil bacterial community structure and diversity relative to the original soil, especially under condition B. Thiobacillus, Azotobacter, and Pseudomonas are bacteria that responded to plant decomposition, and the abundance of the three bacterial genera after plant decomposition was significantly correlated with the plant decomposition traits and soil nutrient content. In conclusion, rapeseed green manure has potential to offset the use of chemical fertilizers, promoting sustainable agricultural development, and this study provides a reference for such green fertilization measures.
通讯机构：
[Xin Liu; Yulin Liao] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
摘要：
In this study, we conducted field experiments to assess the effects of the combined application of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus L., CMV) and red mud (RM) to remediate the cadmium-polluted acidic paddy soil. The results showed that the combined application increased the yield component index and improved the grain yields, compared with the control, RM1, RM2, and CMV treatments. However, the increased range of soil pH values in the CMV-RM1 and CMV-RM2 treatments was smaller than that of the RM1 and RM2 treatments at the different rice growth stages. The soil organic matter (SOM) contents of the RM-only treatments did not differ throughout the whole period, but were significantly different (p < 0.05) between CMV-RM2 and the control. Compared with the control, the combined application decreased the concentration of exchangeable Cd in the early rice soil. The combined application of CMV and RM substantially decreased the rice uptake of Cd. However, we found no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the CMV-RM1 and CMV-RM2 treatments. Therefore, compared with remediation with RM or CMV alone, we recommend the combined application of CMV and RM as an economical, highly effective, and replicable amendment for remediating acidic, Cd-polluted paddy soil. Considering the restorative effect and proper use of RM, we recommend CMV-RM1 treatment.
通讯机构：
[Huang Huang; Can Chen] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Hunan Rice Field Ecological Planting and Breeding Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>College of Agriculture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
关键词：
direct straw return;straw biochar returning;rice-duck co-culture;culm morphology;anatomy and lodging resistance
摘要：
Lodging has a negative effect on rice production and leads to a great loss in yield and quality. It is necessary to clarify the effects of straw return measures coupled with rice-duck co-culture on lodging and to explore a measure that can improve lodging resistance. A randomized block experiment with six treatments (rice monoculture (RNN), rice-duck co-culture (RND), direct straw return and rice monoculture (RSN), direct straw return coupled with rice-duck co-culture (RSD), straw carbon and rice monoculture (RBN), and straw carbon coupled with rice-duck co-culture (RBD)) was conducted to investigate the mechanism of the change in lodging resistance. RNN's rice yield was 6258.02 kg ha(-1). The yield of RND, RSN, RSD, and RBN increased by 15.51, 3.06, 10.23, and 1.59%, respectively, while RBD decreased by 5.01% relative to RNN. Direct straw return and straw biochar return coupled with rice-duck co-culture has both negative and positive effects on lodging resistance because of its properties. The stem's mechanical properties were mainly decided by weight, length, plumpness, and culm anatomy. The increased bending moment at breaking, lodging strength, and bending strength with the RND, RSN, RSD, RBN, and RBD treatments increased, indicated an increase in lodging resistance. Our results clearly demonstrate that direct straw return and straw biochar return coupled with rice-duck co-culture could increase the lodging resistance. In total, rice-duck co-culture could increase the lodging resistance with a higher yield. Compared to straw biochar application, straw return can stabilize the yield and improve the lodging resistance of rice. Thus, direct straw return coupled with rice-duck co-culture should be explored for improving lodging resistance under the condition of ensuring yield.
通讯机构：
[Huang Huang; Chunyun Guan] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Hunan Engineering Research Center of Rice Field Ecological Planting and Breeding, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Department of Agronomy, College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
期刊：
Agricultural Water Management,2016年170:20-25 ISSN：0378-3774
通讯作者：
Huang, Huang;Zhang, Canming
作者机构：
[Zheng, Huabin; Li, Jingyi; Huang, Huang] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zheng, Huabin; Li, Jingyi; Huang, Huang] Collaborat Innovat Ctr Grain & Oil Crop Southern, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Canming] Asia Europe Meeting ASEM Water Resources Res & De, Changsha 410013, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Huang, Huang] H;[Zhang, Canming] A;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Asia Europe Meeting ASEM Water Resources Res & De, Changsha 410013, Hunan, Peoples R China.
