摘要：
Biofertilizers have immense potential for enhancing agricultural productivity. However, there is still a need for clarification regarding the specific mechanisms through which these biofertilizers improve soil properties and stimulate plant growth. In this research, a bacterial agent was utilized to enhance plant growth and investigate the microbial modulation mechanism of soil nutrient turnover using metagenomic technology. The results demonstrated a significant increase in soil fast-acting nitrogen (by 46.7%) and fast-acting phosphorus (by 88.6%) upon application of the bacterial agent. This finding suggests that stimulated soil microbes contribute to enhanced nutrient transformation, ultimately leading to improved plant growth. Furthermore, the application of the bacterial agent had a notable impact on the accumulation of key genes involved in nitrogen cycling. Notably, it enhanced nitrification genes (amo, hao, and nar), while denitrification genes (nir and nor) showed a slight decrease. This indicates that ammonium oxidation may be the primary pathway for increasing fast-acting nitrogen in soils. Additionally, the bacterial agent influenced the composition and functional structure of the soil microbial community. Moreover, the metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) obtained from the soil microbial communities exhibited complementary metabolic processes, suggesting mutual nutrient exchange. These MAGs contained widely distributed and highly abundant genes encoding plant growth promotion (PGP) traits. These findings emphasize how soil microbial communities can enhance vegetation growth by increasing nutrient availability and regulating plant hormone production. This effect can be further enhanced by introducing inoculated microbial agents. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of biofertilizers on soil properties and plant growth. The significant increase in nutrient availability, modulation of key genes involved in nitrogen cycling, and the presence of MAGs encoding PGP traits highlight the potential of biofertilizers to improve agricultural practices. These findings have important implications for enhancing agricultural sustainability and productivity, with positive societal and environmental impacts.
作者机构：
[Bao, Jie; Liang, Shaohui; Gao, Yong] Hebei Chest Hosp, Dept Resp, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, Peoples R China.;[Dai, Erhei; Gao, Huixia] Hebei Med Univ, Hosp Shijiazhuang 5, Dept Lab Med, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei, Peoples R China.;[He, Tongxin] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Plant Protect, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Li, Li] Hebei Med Univ, Hosp Shijiazhuang 5, Intens Care Unit, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Xin; Wang, Yuling; Wang, YL] Hebei Med Univ, Hosp Shijiazhuang 5, Dept TB, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Wang, YL ; Dai, ER ] H;Hebei Med Univ, Hosp Shijiazhuang 5, Dept Lab Med, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei, Peoples R China.;Hebei Med Univ, Hosp Shijiazhuang 5, Dept TB, Shijiazhuang 050021, Hebei, Peoples R China.;Hebei Med Univ, Grad Sch, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei, Peoples R China.
关键词：
COVID-19;Multiple sclerosis;SUMF1;rs794185
摘要：
Evidence shows that genetic factors play important roles in the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Sulfatase modifying factor 1 (SUMF1) gene is involved in alveolar damage and systemic inflammatory response. Therefore, we speculate that it may play a key role in COVID-19. We found that rs794185 was significantly associated with COVID-19 severity in Chinese population, under the additive model after adjusting for gender and age (for C allele = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.44–0.88, P = 0.0073, logistic regression). And this association was consistent with this in European population Genetics Of Mortality In Critical Care (GenOMICC: OR for C allele = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90–0.98, P = 0.0037). Additionally, we also revealed a remarkable association between rs794185 and the prothrombin activity (PTA) in subjects (P = 0.015, Generalized Linear Model). In conclusion, our study for the first time identified that rs794185 in SUMF1 gene was associated with the severity of COVID-19.
摘要：
Sedum plumbizincicola is a perennial succulent herb that can hyperaccumulate high concentrations of cadmium and zinc (Liu et al. 2017). In October 2021, a leaf spot disease occurred on S. plumbizincicola seedlings in a nursery in Changsha (28°13' N; 112°56'E), the Hunan Province of China. Almost 30% of the nearly 1 million seedlings were infected. Symptoms initially appeared as small brown spots on the leaf surface or edges, gradually enlarged, becoming oval, and bearing chlorotic lesions with dark brown borders. Eventually, the center of the lesions became sunken and then fell off. Eight symptomatic plant samples were collected by five-point sampling method (Zheng et al. 2018). Small pieces of 5×5 mm were excised from the lesion margins, sterilized with 70% ethanol for 10 s, 0.1% HgCl2 for 40 s, rinsed with sterile distilled water three times, and then cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 26 °C for 5 days in the dark. Fungal colonies showing similar morphology were observed from all the isolated samples and, in total, eight fungal strains were obtained. On PDA, fungal colonies were initially white, and later become light gray. After cultured on V8 juice agar (V8A, each litre of medium contains 200 mL of V8 juice, 3 g of CaCO3 and 15 g of agarose) for 14 days (Hyowon et al. 2016), conidia of a representative isolate SY-1 were produced, which were oblong, muriform, with blunt ends and conical apex, pale to light brown, and constricted at the 1 to 3 major transverse septa, 38.34-46.68 μm×11.67-18.34 μm (n=50). These morphological characteristics were consistent with that of Stemphylium lycopersici (Nasehi et al. 2016). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA and the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene of representative isolates SY-1 to SY-3 were amplified and sequenced using the primer pairs ITS4/ITS5 and gpd1/gpd2 as described previously (Woudenberg et al. 2017). BLASTn analysis showed that ITS sequences of isolates SY-1, SY-2 and SY-3 (accession nos. OP317641, OQ852042 and OQ852043) had more than 99% identity with Stemphylium sp, while GAPDH sequences (OP331223, OQ858620 and OQ858621) had 100% identity with S. lycopersici KR911813 (Sun et al. 2016). A concatenated ITS-GAPDH phylogenetic tree grouped our isolates within the S. lycopersici clade. For the pathogenicity test, one-month-old potted S. plumbizincicola seedlings were inoculated with conidia suspension (105 conidia/ml), which was induced on V8A. Four sites of each leaf of the potted S. plumbizincicola plants were dropped with a conidia suspension of strain SY-1, with 10 μL per site. Leaves treated with sterile water were served as controls. All of the inoculated seedlings were placed in a growth chamber at 26°C with a photoperiod of 12 h. The pathogenicity tests were repeated twice, with each had three replicative plants. After 7 days, all the inoculated leaves developed brown spots resembling those observed in the nursery, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. Stemphylium lycopersici was specifically re-isolated and identified by morphological and molecular methods (accession nos. OQ852045 for ITS and OQ858622 for GAPDH, respectively), thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. lycopersici causing leaf spot on S. plumbizincicola in China. Since S. plumbizincicola played an important role and widely planted for heavy metal pollution treatment (Jiang et al. 2010), and this disease might seriously influence the S. plumbizincicola seedling breeding, identification of the pathogen might provide a foundation for the diagnosis and control of the disease.
期刊：
Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology,2023年2023:9933783 ISSN：1712-9532
通讯作者：
Liao, XL;Liu, Y
作者机构：
[Gu, Zepei; Liao, XL; Du, Xiaohua; Su, Pin; Zhang, Deyong; Liao, Xiaolan] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Plant Protect, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Weixing; Gu, Zepei; Du, Xiaohua; Su, Pin; Zhang, Deyong; Chen, Lijie; Liu, Zhuoxin; Liu, Yong; Peng, Qianze] Hunan Acad Agr Sci, Hunan Plant Protect Inst, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;[Su, Pin; Zhang, Deyong; Chen, Lijie; Liu, Zhuoxin; Liu, Yong] Hunan Univ, Longping Branch, Grad Sch, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liao, XL ; Liu, Y ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Plant Protect, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Hunan Acad Agr Sci, Hunan Plant Protect Inst, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;Hunan Univ, Longping Branch, Grad Sch, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Introduction;Materials and Methods;Results;Discussion;Conclusion;Abstract;Data Availability;Additional Points;Ethical Approval;Consent;Disclosure;Conflicts of Interests;Authors’ Contributions;Funding Statement;Acknowledgements;Acknowledgments;Supplementary Materials;Reference;Dataset Description;Dataset Files;Abstract;Introduction;Introduction and Materials;Introduction and Methods;Materials;Materials and Methods;Methods;Results;Discussion;Results and Discussion;Discussion and Conclusion;Results and Conclusion;Conclusion;Conclusions;Data Availability;Additional Points;Ethical Approval;Consent;Disclosure;Conflicts of Interest;Authors’ Contributions;Funding Statement;Acknowledgements;Supplementary Materials;References;Appendix;Abbreviations;Preliminaries;Introduction and Preliminaries;Notation;Proof of Theorem;Proofs;Analysis of Results;Examples;Numerical Example;Applications;Numerical Simulation;Model;Model Formulation;Systematic Palaeontology;Nomenclatural Acts;Taxonomic Implications;Experimental;Synthesis;Overview;Characterization;Background;Experimental;Theories;Calculations;Model Verification;Model Implementation;Geographic location;Study Area;Geological setting;Data Collection;Field Testing;Data and Sampling;Dataset;Literature Review;Related Works;Related Work;System Model;Methods and Data;Experimental Results;Results and Analysis;Evaluation;Implementation;Case Presentation;Case Report;Search Terms;Case Description;Case Series;Background;Limitations;Additional Points;Case;Case 1;Case 2 etc.;Concern Details;Retraction Details;Copyright;Related Articles
摘要：
Beauveria bassiana is a well-known insecticidal biocontrol agent. Despite its broad field applications, its survival, colonization, and stability under field conditions remained unclear, mainly due to the lack of a quick and reliable detection method. In this study, we developed a quantitative real-time PCR technology to monitor the stability and population dynamics of B. bassiana in different substrates (water, soil, and on the cotton leaves surface), different spores of B. bassiana applied on Chinese cabbage leaves surface, and the lethality of Pieris rapae spraying with different spores of B. bassiana. Our results showed a decreased concentration of B. bassiana DNA in all three substrates from the 1(st) day till 9(th) day of post inoculation (dpi) period, possibly due to the death of B. bassiana. After this decrease, a quick and significant rebound of B. bassiana DNA concentration was observed, starting from the 11(th) dpi in all three substrates. The B. bassiana DNA concentration reached the plateau at about 13(th) dpi in water and 17(th) dpi in the soil. On cotton leaves surface, the B. bassiana DNA concentration reached the highest level at the 17(th) dpi followed by a small decline and then stabilized. This increase of DNA concentration suggested recovery of B. bassiana growth in all three substrates. We found that the most suitable killing effectiveness of P. rapae was the 1.0 × 10(7) spores/mL of B. bassiana. In summary, we have established a detection technology that allows a fast and reliable monitoring for the concentration and stability of B. bassiana under different conditions. This technology can benefit and help us in the development of proper management strategies for the application of this biocontrol agent in the field.
作者机构：
[Xiao-gang HE; Zi-rong LI; Si-cheng GUO; Chun-hai LIU; Zi-jie LIU; Yong-xin LI; Zhe-ming YUAN; Lan-zhi LI] Hunan Engineering & Technology Research Center for Agricultural Big Data Analysis & Decision-making, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, P.R.China;[Xing-fei ZHENG] Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Food Crop Institute, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, P.R.China
关键词：
rice;genome-wide association study;epistasis;gene pleiotropy;maker-associated selection;genome selection1
摘要：
Marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) breeding have greatly improved the efficiency of rice breeding. Due to the influence of epistasis and gene pleiotropy, how to ensure the actual breeding effect of MAS and GS is still a difficult problem to overcome. In this study, 113 indica rice varieties (V) and their 565 testcross hybrids (TC) were used as materials to investigate the genetic basis of 12 quality traits and 9 agronomic traits. The original traits and general combining ability of parents, as well as the original traits and mid-parent heterosis of testcross hybrids were subjected to genome-wide association analysis. In total, 381 primary significantly associated loci (SAL) and 1759 secondary SALs that had epistatic interaction with these primary SALs were detected. 322 candidate genes located within or nearby the SALs were screened, of which 204 were cloned genes. A total of 39 MAS molecular modules that are beneficial for trait improvement was identified by pyramiding the superior haplotype of candidate genes and desirable epistatic allele of secondary SALs. All the SALs were used to construct genetic networks, in which 91 pleiotropic loci were investigated. Additionally, we estimated the accuracy of genomic prediction in parent varieties and testcross hybrids by incorporating no SALs, primary SALs, secondary SALs or epistatic effect SALs as covariates. Although the prediction accuracy of the four models was mostly not significantly different in the TC dataset, the incorporation of primary SALs, secondary SALs, and epistatic effect SALs significantly improved the prediction accuracy of 5(26%), 3(16%), and 11(58%) traits in the V dataset, respectively. These results suggested that SALs and epistatic effect SALs identified based on additive genotype can provide considerable predictive power for parental lines. These results provide insights into the genetic basis of complex traits and valuable information for molecular breeding in rice.
作者机构：
[He, Xiaogang; Li, Lanzhi; Yuan, Zheming; Zhang, Xueli; Su, Jing; Xiong, Liwen] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Plant Protect, Hunan Engn & Technol Res Ctr Agr Big Data Anal & D, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zheng, Xingfei] Hubei Acad Agr Sci, Food Crop Inst, Hubei Key Lab Food Crop Germplasm & Genet Improvem, Wuhan 430064, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Hu, Zhongli; Zheng, Xingfei] Wuhan Univ, Coll Life Sci, State Key Lab Hybrid Rice, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Jiabo] Southwest Minzu Univ, Minist Educ & Sichuan Prov, Key Lab Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Anim Genet Resourc, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, Peoples R China.;[Song, Shufeng] Hunan Acad Agr Sci, Hunan Hybrid Rice Res Ctr, State Key Lab Hybrid Rice, Changsha 410125, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Hu, ZL ; Zhang, ZW ] W;Wuhan Univ, Coll Life Sci, State Key Lab Hybrid Rice, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, Peoples R China.;Wuhan Polytech Univ, Sch Life Sci & Technol, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, Peoples R China.;Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA.
摘要：
Genetic improvement of grain quality is more challenging in hybrid rice than in inbred rice due to additional nonadditive effects such as dominance. Here, we describe a pipeline developed for joint analysis of phenotypes, effects, and generations (JPEG). As a demonstration, we analyze 12 grain quality traits of 113 inbred lines (male parents), five tester lines (female parents), and 565 (113x5) of their hybrids. We sequence the parents for single nucleotide polymorphisms calling and infer the genotypes of the hybrids. Genome-wide association studies with JPEG identify 128 loci associated with at least one of the 12 traits, including 44, 97, and 13 loci with additive effects, dominant effects, and both additive and dominant effects, respectively. These loci together explain more than 30% of the genetic variation in hybrid performance for each of the traits. The JEPG statistical pipeline can help to identify superior crosses for breeding rice hybrids with improved grain quality. Genetic dissection of hybrids is more difficult than inbreds as nonadditive effects are involved. Here, the authors report a pipeline for joint analysis of phenotypes, effects, and generations and demonstrate its usefulness in identification of loci associated with quality traits and improving predict accuracy in genomic selection of hybrid rice.
摘要：
Peanut is an economically-important oilseed crop and needs a large amount of calcium for its normal growth and development. Calcium deficiency usually leads to embryo abortion and subsequent abnormal pod development. Different tolerance to calcium deficiency has been observed between different cultivars, especially between large and small-seed cultivars. In order to figure out different molecular mechanisms in defensive responses between two cultivars, we treated a sensitive (large-seed) and a tolerant (small-seed) cultivar with different calcium levels. The transcriptome analysis identified a total of 58 and 61 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within small-seed and large-seed peanut groups under different calcium treatments, and these DEGs were entirely covered by gene modules obtained via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the blue-module genes in the large-seed cultivar were mainly enriched in plant-pathogen attack, phenolic metabolism and MAPK signaling pathway, while the green-module genes in the small-seed cultivar were mainly enriched in lipid metabolism including glycerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolisms. By integrating DEGs with WGCNA, a total of eight hub-DEGs were finally identified, suggesting that the large-seed cultivar concentrated more on plant defensive responses and antioxidant activities under calcium deficiency, while the small-seed cultivar mainly focused on maintaining membrane features to enable normal photosynthesis and signal transduction. The identified hub genes might give a clue for future gene validation and molecular breeding to improve peanut survivability under calcium deficiency.
摘要：
The most important physiological processes in insects are those related to reproduction and development. Ecdysone is an essential hormone in insects that controls various physiological processes, including reproduction and development. E74A, a subtype of the essential ecdysone-induced transcription factor E74, affects the reproductive systems of many insects. Uncertainty exists regarding the molecular mechanism of E74A in non-model insect reproduction processes. Using bioinformatics analysis, we determined that Chilo suppressalis E74A shared the highest homology with E74 in Ostrinia furnacalis which belongs to the ETS superfamily. By characterizing the spatiotemporal expression profile of CsE74A from different developmental stages and tissues, we found that CsE74A expression levels were highest in female pupae on the 4th day and in the head of female pupa. Knockdown of CsE74A resulted in delayed oocyte maturation and reduced yolk deposition. Additionally, the expression level of vitellogenin (Vg), beta FTZ-F1, and E93, which are associated with vitellogenesis and the ecdysone pathway, were also downregulated in the E74A silencing group. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CsE74A not only plays a critical role in the reproductive processes of C. suppressalis but may also participate in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the ecdysone pathway.
通讯机构：
[Bai, LY; Pan, L ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Plant Protect, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Cyhalofop-butyl;Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees;Molecular docking;Nontarget site resistance;RNA-Seq
摘要：
BACKGROUND: Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees is a troublesome weed across China in rice fields, and a suspected L. chinensis resistant population (R) that has survived the recommended field dose of cyhalofop-butyl was collected in a rice field of Hunan Province, China. In this study, we aimed to determine the acetyl-CoA carboxylase-inhibiting herbicide resistance profile of this R population and to investigate its mechanisms of resistance to cyhalofop-butyl. RESULTS: Compared with the susceptible population (S), the R population was confirmed to be 18.9-, 3.2-, 4.1-, 3.6- and 5.8- fold resistant to the APP herbicides cyhalofop-butyl, haloxyfop-P-methyl, clodinafop-propargyl, metamifop and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl, respectively. ACCase gene sequencing analysis revealed no known resistance mutations for TSR in the R population. Pretreatment with the glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD-Cl) and cytochrome P450 (CYP450) inhibitor malathion reversed resistance to cyhalofop-butyl. The GST gene GSTU1 and CYP450 gene CYP707A5 were constitutively upregulated in the R population according to RNA-seq analysis and RT-qPCR verification. The molecular docking results indicated a good affinity of the active site for five APP herbicides with GSTU1 and CYP707A5. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the GSTU1 and CYP707A5 genes expressed highly in the R population may be responsible for cyhalofop-butyl resistance in L. chinensis.
通讯机构：
[Zhihuai Liang] H;Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Pesticide Biology and Precise Use Technology, Hunan Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
作者机构：
[Liu, Mao-Yan] Xichang University, 381931, School of Agricultural Sciences, Xichang, Sichuan, China;[Liu, Mao-Yan] Hunan Agricultural University, 12575, College of Plant protection, Changsha, China;[Liu, Mao-Yan] liu-mao-yan@foxmail.com;[Shao, Hudie] Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Plant Protection, 243827, Beijing, Beijing, China;[Shao, Hudie] shaohudie@126.com
通讯机构：
[Yang-Yan, Wu] s;sunshine.
关键词：
Meloidogyne graminicola;Mitochondrial COI;Pathogen diversity;Population structure;Rice;Subject Areas
摘要：
The distribution range of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola is rapidly expanding, posing a severe threat to rice production. In this study, the sequences of cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) genes of rice M. graminicola populations from all reported provinces in China were amplified and sequenced by PCR. The distribution pattern and phylogenetic tree showed that all 54 M. graminicola populations in China have distinct geographical distribution characteristics, specifically Cluster 1 (southern China), Cluster 2 (central south and southwest China), and Cluster 3 (central and eastern China). The high haplotype diversity (Hd = 0.646) and low nucleotide diversity (π= 0.00682), combined with the negative value of Tajima's D (-1.252) and Fu's FS (-3.06764) suggested that all nematode populations were expanding. The existence of high genetic differentiation (Fst = 0.5933) and low gene flow (Nm = 0.3333) indicated that there was a block of gene exchange between most populations. Mutation accumulation with population expansion might be directly responsible for the high genetic differentiation, so the tested nematode population showed high within-group genetic variation (96.30%). The haplotype Hap8 was located at the bottom of the network topology, with the widest distribution and the highest frequency (59.26%), indicating that it was the ancestral haplotype. The populations in Cluster 3 were newly invasive according to the lowest frequency of occurrence of Hap8, the highest number of endemic haplotypes and the highest total haplotype frequency (60%). On the contrary, Cluster 1 having the highest genetic diversity (Hd = 0.772, π = 0.01127) indicated that it was the most primitive. Interestingly, the highest gene flow (Nm > 1), lowest genetic differentiation (Fst ≤ 0.33), and closest genetic distance (0.000) only occurred between Guangdong / Hainan population and others, which suggested that there might be channels for gene exchange between them and long-distance dispersal occurred. This suggestion is further confirmed by the weak correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance. Based on these data, a hypothesis can be drawn that M. graminicola populations in China were spreading from south to north, specifically from Guangdong / Hainan provinces to other regions. Natural selection (including anthropogenic) and genetic drift were the main drivers of their evolution. Coincidentally, this hypothesis was consistent with the gradual warming trend and the chronological order of reporting these populations. The main factors, influencing current M. graminicola population expansion and distribution patterns, might be geography, climate, long-distance seedling transport, inter-regional operations of agricultural machinery, and rotation mode. It reminds human beings of the necessity to be vigilant about preventing nematode disease according to local conditions all year round.
通讯作者：
Jianping Chen<&wdkj&>Wei Li<&wdkj&>Jian Yang<&wdkj&>Jianping Chen Jianping Chen Jianping Chen<&wdkj&>Wei Li Wei Li Wei Li<&wdkj&>Jian Yang Jian Yang Jian Yang
作者机构：
[Hu, Haichao; Zhang, Tianye; Gao, Wenqing; Wang, Ziqiong; Zhong, Kaili; Yang, Jian; Liu, Peng; Chen, Jianping] Ningbo Univ, Inst Plant Virol, State Key Lab Qual & Safety Agroprod, Ningbo, Peoples R China.;[Feng, Tianyou; Yu, Lu] Guizhou Univ, Guiyang, Guizhou, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Jie] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Microbiol, State Key Lab Plant Genom, Beijing, Peoples R China.;[Zhou, Yilin] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Plant Protect, State Key Lab Biol Plant Dis & Insect Pests, Beijing, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Meihao] Zhejiang Normal Univ, Coll Chem & Life Sci, Jinhua, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Jianping Chen; Jian Yang; Jianping Chen Jianping Chen Jianping Chen; Jian Yang Jian Yang Jian Yang] S;[Wei Li; Wei Li Wei Li Wei Li] H;State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Biology and Control of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
摘要：
GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (VTC2) catalyses the conversion of GDP-L-galactose to L-galactose-1-P, a vital step of ascorbic acid (AsA) biosynthesis in plants. AsA is well known for its function in the amelioration of oxidative stress caused by most pathogen infection, but its function against viral infection remains unclear. Here, we have identified a VTC2 gene in wheat named as TaVTC2 and investigated its function in association with the wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) infection. Our results showed that overexpression of TaVTC2 significantly increased viral accumulation, whereas knocking down TaVTC2 inhibited the viral infection in wheat, suggesting a positive regulation on viral infection by TaVTC2. Moreover, less AsA was produced in TaVTC2 knocking down plants (TaVTC2-RNAi) which due to the reduction in TaVTC2 expression and subsequently in TaVTC2 activity, resulting in a reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in leaves. Furthermore, the enhanced WYMV resistance in TaVTC2-RNAi plants was diminished by exogenously applied AsA. We further demonstrated that WYMV NIb directly bound to TaVTC2 and inhibited TaVTC2 enzymatic activity in vitro. The effect of TaVTC2 on ROS scavenge was suppressed by NIb in a dosage-dependent manner, indicating the ROS scavenging was highly regulated by the interaction of TaVTC2 with NIb. Furthermore, TaVTC2 RNAi plants conferred broad-spectrum disease resistance. Therefore, the data indicate that TaVTC2 recruits WYMV NIb to down-regulate its own enzymatic activity, reducing AsA accumulation to elicit a burst of ROS which confers the resistance to WYMV infection. Thus, a new mechanism of the formation of plant innate immunity was proposed.
摘要：
Significance Statement Schematic illustration of the molecular basis of metabolic resistance to commonly used acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides in Beckmannia syzigachne with CYP81Q32 being the key player in the resistance evolution under regulation of a transcription factor (TGAL6). This knowledge provides insights into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the dominance of B. syzigachne as a hard‐to‐control weed in agriculture system. Beckmannia syzigachne is a problematic weed in wheat and rapeseed cropping especially in China. Our study establishes the molecular basis of CYP81Q32‐mediated metabolic resistance to commonly used ALS‐inhibiting herbicides in B. syzigachne. Resistance evolution via CYP81Q32 was regulated by a transcription factor (TGAL6). This knowledge provides insights into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the dominance of B. syzigachne, and how it can be a hard‐to‐control weed in agricultural systems. SUMMARY Frequent herbicide use selects for herbicide resistance in weeds. Cytochrome P450s are important detoxification enzymes responsible for herbicide resistance in plants. We identified and characterized a candidate P450 gene (BsCYP81Q32) from the problematic weed Beckmannia syzigachne to test whether it conferred metabolic resistance to the acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides mesosulfuron‐methyl, bispyribac‐sodium, and pyriminobac‐methyl. Transgenic rice overexpressing BsCYP81Q32 was resistant to the three herbicides. Equally, rice overexpressing the rice ortholog gene OsCYP81Q32 was more resistant to mesosulfuron‐methyl. Conversely, an OsCYP81Q32 gene knockout generated using CRISPR/Cas9 enhanced mesosulfuron‐methyl sensitivity in rice. Overexpression of the BsCYP81Q32 gene resulted in enhanced mesosulfuron‐methyl metabolism in transgenic rice seedlings via O‐demethylation. The major metabolite, demethylated mesosulfuron‐methyl, was chemically synthesized and displayed reduced herbicidal effect in plants. Moreover, a transcription factor (BsTGAL6) was identified and shown to bind a key region in the BsCYP81Q32 promoter for gene activation. Inhibition of BsTGAL6 expression by salicylic acid treatment in B. syzigachne plants reduced BsCYP81Q32 expression and consequently changed the whole plant response to mesosulfuron‐methyl. Sequence polymorphisms in an important region of the BsTGAL6 promoter may explain the higher expression of BsTGAL6 in resistant versus susceptible B. syzigachne plants. Collectively, the present study reveals the evolution of an herbicide‐metabolizing and resistance‐endowing P450 and its transcription regulation in an economically important weedy plant species.
