摘要：
Oligosaccharides are low molecular weight carbohydrates between monosaccharides and poly-saccharides, which consist of 2 to 20 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. They have the effects of promoting growth, regulating immunity, improving the structure of intestinal flora, and are anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. With the comprehensive implementation of the antibiotic prohibition policy in China, oligosaccharides as new green feed additive have been paid more attention. Oligosac-charides can be divided into the following 2 categories according to their digestive characteristics: one is easy to be absorbed by the intestine, called common oligosaccharides, such as sucrose and maltose oligosaccharide; the other is difficult to be absorbed by the intestine and has special physiological functions, called functional oligosaccharides. The common functional oligosaccharides include mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), chitosan oligosaccharides (COS), xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) and so on. In this paper, we review the types and sources of functional oligo-saccharides, their application in pig nutrition, and the factors limiting their efficacy in recent years. This review provides the theoretical basis for further research of functional oligosaccharides, and the future application of alternative antibiotics in pig industry.(c) 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
期刊：
FRONTIERS IN NUTRITION,2023年10:1136510 ISSN：2296-861X
通讯作者：
Su, Y.
作者机构：
[Su, Yong] College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China;State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China;[Yin, Jie] College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China;[Han, Hui] College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
通讯机构：
[Su, Y.] C;College of Animal Science and Technology, China
关键词：
gut microbiota;host;metabolism;microbial response;phenotypes
摘要：
It has been well established that the gut microbiota is sensitive to dietary components, especially carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In this Research Topic, dietary protein (Wang et al.) and starch (Wang et al.) have been reported to shape microbial composition. Additionally, Hou et al. thoroughly discussed the role of gut microbiota in host metabolism, including carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism. Moreover, studies have also revealed the diversity and characteristics of gut microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) by using pig as a physiological relevant model of human metabolism. For example, Song et al. found that microbial richness and diversity gradually increased from the small to large intestine. Moreover, the bacterial composition was different between the small and large intestine, which might due to differing physiological functions as required by the host. Like bacteria, gut fungi is also an important part of the intestinal microbiota that interacts with host metabolism (7). However, Li et al. reported that the difference in the gut fungal diversity and composition along the GIT sections was smaller than that between batches in pigs.Alterations of gut microbiota have been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. In this Research Topic, Dong et al. investigated the changes in gut microbiota in mice with obesity and atherosclerosis. Long et al. gave a comprehensive overview regarding the association between gut mic...
摘要：
Simple Summary: In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the fatty acid composition in Ningxiang pigs using a genome-wide association study. Our findings revealed a combination of previously reported and novel candidate genes associated with saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Notably, we identified significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are closely linked to specific fatty acids, and some of these genes explained substantial phenotypic variance. These noteworthy discoveries have the potential to significantly improve meat quality and fat deposition in Ningxiang pigs through targeted breeding approaches. Our research provides valuable insights into the intricate composition of fatty acids, thus offering practical implications for elevating meat quality and ultimately benefiting both the pig industry and consumers. The significance of this study is underscored by its potential to drive positive changes in society by promoting healthier and superior-quality pork products. Ningxiang pigs exhibit a diverse array of fatty acids, making them an intriguing model for exploring the genetic underpinnings of fatty acid metabolism. We conducted a genome-wide association study using a dataset comprising 50,697 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and samples from over 600 Ningxiang pigs. Our investigation yielded novel candidate genes linked to five saturated fatty acids (SFAs), four monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and five polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Significant associations with SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs were found for 37, 21, and 16 SNPs, respectively. Notably, some SNPs have significant PVE, such as ALGA0047587, which can explain 89.85% variation in Arachidic acid (C20:0); H3GA0046208 and DRGA0016063 can explain a total of 76.76% variation in Elaidic Acid (C18:1n-9(t)), and the significant SNP ALGA0031262 of Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) can explain 31.76% of the variation. Several significant SNPs were positioned proximally to previously reported genes. In total, we identified 11 candidate genes (hnRNPU, CEPT1, ATP1B1, DPT, DKK1, PRKG1, EXT2, MEF2C, IL17RA, ITGA1 and ALOX5), six candidate genes (ALOX5AP, MEDAG, ISL1, RXRB, CRY1, and CDKAL1), and five candidate genes (NDUFA4L2, SLC16A7, OTUB1, EIF4E and ROBO2) associated with SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, respectively. These findings hold great promise for advancing breeding strategies aimed at optimizing meat quality and enhancing lipid metabolism within the intramuscular fat (IMF) of Ningxiang pigs.
摘要：
Low-grade chronic inflammation, also known as metabolic inflammation, promotes the development of metabolic diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that changes in gut microbes and metabolites disrupt the integrity of the gut barrier and exert significant effects on the metabolism of various tissues, including the liver and adipose tissue, thereby contributing to metabolic inflammation. We observed that IL-22 is a key signaling molecule that serves as a bridge between intestinal microbes and the host, effectively alleviating metabolic inflammation by modulating the host immunomodulatory network. Here, we focused on elucidating the underlying mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and their metabolites reduce inflammation via IL-22, highlighting the favorable impact of IL-22 on metabolic inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of IL-22 as a therapeutic target for the management of metabolic inflammation and related diseases.
摘要：
Chinese indigenous pigs are popular with consumers for their juiciness, flavour and meat quality, but they have lower meat production. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a maternally imprinted growth factor that promotes skeletal muscle growth by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within intron 3 of porcine IGF2 disrupts a binding site for the repressor, zinc finger BED-type containing 6 (ZBED6), leading to up-regulation of IGF2 and causing major effects on muscle growth, heart size, and backfat thickness. This favorable mutation is common in Western commercial pig populations, but absent in most Chinese indigenous pig breeds. To improve meat production of Chinese indigenous pigs, we used cytosine base editor 3 (CBE3) to introduce IGF2-intron3-C3071T mutation into porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) isolated from a male Liang Guang Small Spotted pig (LGSS), and single-cell clones harboring the desired mutation were selected for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate the founder line of IGF2T/T pigs. We found the heterozygous progeny IGF2C/T pigs exhibited enhanced expression of IGF2, increased lean meat by 18%–36%, enlarged loin muscle area by 3%–17%, improved intramuscular fat (IMF) content by 18%–39%, marbling score by 0.75–1, meat color score by 0.53–1.25, and reduced backfat thickness by 5%–16%. The enhanced accumulation of intramuscular fat in IGF2C/T pigs was identified to be regulated by the PI3K-AKT/AMPK pathway, which activated SREBP1 to promote adipogenesis. We demonstrated the introduction of IGF2-intron3-C3071T in Chinese LGSS can improve both meat production and quality, and first identified the regulation of IMF deposition by IGF2 through SREBP1 via the PI3K-AKT/AMPK signaling pathways. Our study provides a further understanding of the biological functions of IGF2 and an example for improving porcine economic traits through precise base editing.
关键词：
Fu brick tea;Microbiotic metabolism;Obesity;Polysaccharides;Prebiotic
摘要：
Fu brick tea (FBT) is a traditional tea manufactured by solid-state fermentation of tea leaves (Camellia sinensis). Although anti-obesity effects have been reported for FBT, the associated role of FBT polysaccharides (PSs) and the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we found that FBTPSs inhibited obesity, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation; improved intestinal barrier function; and alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis in high-fat diet-fed rats. Akkermansia muciniphila, Bacteroides, Parasutterella, Desulfovibrio, and Blautia were the core microbes regulated by FBTPSs. FBTPSs regulated the produc-tion of gut microbiota-related metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), branched-chain amino acids, and aromatic amino acids throughout the development of obesity, and regulated the SCFA-GPR signaling pathway. FBTPS-treated fecal microbiota transplant ameliorated obesity, alleviated gut microbiota dysbiosis, and improved gut microbiota-associated metabolites, suggesting that the anti-obesity effect of FBTPSs was gut microbiota-dependent. FBTPSs may serve as novel prebiotic agents for the treatment of obesity and dysbiosis of gut microbiota.(c) 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
摘要：
Resveratrol (Res) is a bioactive dietary component and alleviates apoptosis in multiple cell types. However, its effect and mechanism on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) apoptosis, which commonly happens in dairy cows with mastitis, is unknown. We hypothesized that Res would inhibit LPS-induced apoptosis in BMEC through SIRT3, a NAD + -dependent deacetylase activated by Res. To test the dose-response effect on apoptosis, 0-50 mu M Res were incubated with BMEC for 12 h, followed by 250 mu g/mL LPS treatment for 12 h. To investigate the role of SIRT3 in Res-mediated alleviation of apoptosis, BMEC were pretreated with 50 mu M Res for 12 h, then incubated with si-SIRT3 for 12 h and were finally treated with 250 mu g/mL LPS for 12 h. Res dose-dependently promoted the cell viability and protein levels of Bcl-2 (Linear P < 0.001) but decreased protein levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 (Linear P < 0.001). TUNEL assays indicated that cellular fluorescence intensity declined with the rising doses of Res. Res also dose-dependently upregulated SIRT3 expression, but LPS had the opposite effect. SIRT3 silencing abolished these results with Res incubation. Mechanically, Res enhanced the nuclear translocation of PGC1 alpha, the transcriptional cofactor for SIRT3. Further molecular docking analysis revealed that Res could directly bind to PGC1 alpha by forming a hydrogen bond with Tyr-722. Overall, our data suggested that Res relieved LPS-induced BMEC apoptosis through the PGC1 alpha-SIRT3 axis, providing a basis for further in vivo investigations of applying Res to relieve mastitis in dairy cows.
摘要：
Flavonoids are widely distributed in nature and have a variety of beneficial biological effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-obesity effects. All of these are related to gut microbiota, and flavonoids also serve as a bridge between the host and gut microbiota. Flavonoids are commonly used to modify the composition of the gut microbiota by promoting or inhibiting specific microbial species within the gut, as well as modifying their metabolites. In turn, the gut microbiota extensively metabolizes flavonoids. Hence, this reciprocal relationship between flavonoids and the gut microbiota may play a crucial role in maintaining the balance and functionality of the metabolism system. In this review, we mainly highlighted the biological effects of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiobesity, and discussed the interaction between flavonoids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism, and elaborated the potential mechanisms on host lipid metabolism.
摘要：
Early weaning usually causes small intestine epithelial development abnormality, increasing the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. Glutamine (Gln), enriching in plasma and milk, is widely reported to benefit intestinal health. However, whether Gln affects intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity in response to early weaning is unclear. Here, both the early weaning mice and intestinal organoids were used to study the role of Gln in regulating ISC activities. Results showed that Gln ameliorated early weaning-induced epithelial atrophy and augmented the ISC-mediated epithelial regeneration. Gln deprivation disabled ISC-mediated epithelial regeneration and crypt fission invitro. Mechanistically, Gln augmented WNT signaling in a dose-dependent manner to regulate ISC activity, while WNT signaling blockage abolished the effects of Gln on ISCs. Together, Gln accelerates stem cell-mediated intestinal epithelial development associated with the augmentation of WNT signaling, which provides novel insights into the mechanism by which Gln promotes intestinal health.
