摘要：
The trace of high and low ridge in the Sanyangzhuang village site showed that adopting ridge tillage cultivation technology (RT) in China has a long history of more than 2000 years. In this paper, we reviewed recent advances of the development and application of RI in China. The better yields from crops grown on ridges/furrow compared with those on flat land were attributed mainly to the improvement of soil moisture conditions, better air permeability and effective supply of soil nutrition. However, most studies of RI are mainly concentrated in upland crop. It has not been reported on RT's higher water use efficiency (WUE) and the capacity of drainage & impounding during the rice production process. New systems of ridge tillage & terrace cultivation model (RTT) for irrigated rice are described here. Further research is needed to optimize management strategies and to strengthen basic research for RTT to obtain environmental and economic benefits and to evaluate practicability and effectiveness of RTT in the paddy field. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
摘要：
Amaranthus mangostanus is a green vegetable which is also used as sudorific, febrifuge, emollient, lactogogue and a specific treatment for colic. This study was aimed to determine antibacterial and antifungal activities of the methanol, dichloromethane, petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts from different parts of A. mangostanus against microbes that cause plant or human diseases and food contamination. At concentrations ranging from 40-100 mg/mL, ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and stems exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition against Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith, Acidovorax avenae subsp. A. Citrulli, Rhizoctonia solani, Colletotrichum capsici (syd.) Butl, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli, but not Magnaporthe grisea, Alternaria alternata Keissler, Phytophtora parasitica var. nicotianae Tucker and Fusarium graminearum Sehw., with MIC values of 519-713 and 463-697 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the ethyl acetate extract from roots only showed antibacterial activity against P. solanacearum Smith with an MIC of 815 mg/mL. Ethyl acetate extracts from leaves and stems also showed inhibitory effect on the fungus R. solani, with MICs of 686 and 734 mg/mL, respectively. Consequently the information on the antimicrobial functions of the extracts can shed light on the discovery of natural products for management of plant and human infectious diseases.
摘要：
Background Rice-duck cultivation is the essence of Chinese traditional agriculture. A scientific assessment of the mechanism and its capacity is of theoretical significance and practical value in improving modern agricultural technology. Results The duck's secretions, excreta and their treading, pecking and predation decrease the occurrence of plant diseases, pests and weeds, enrich species diversity and improve the field environment. The rice-duck intergrowth system effectively prevents rice planthoppers and rice leafhoppers. The control effects can be up to 98.47% and 100% respectively; it also has effects on the control of Chilo suppressalis, Tryporyza incertulas and the rice leafrollers. Notable control results are found on sheath blight, while the effects on other diseases are about 50%. Harm from weeds is placed under primary control; prevention of weeds is sequenced by broadleaf weeds>sedge weeds>Gramineae weeds. Contents of soil organic matter, N, P and K are improved by the system; nutrient utilization is accelerated, resulting in decreased fertilizer application. Greenhouse gas emissions are reduced by 1-2% and duck fodder is saved in this system. There is also an obvious economic benefit. Conclusion Compared to conventional rice cultivation, rice-duck cultivation shows great benefits to ecologic cost and economic income. (c) 2013 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry
作者机构：
College of Orient Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;Natl. Res. Center of Eng. Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China;College of Horticulture and Gardening, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;[黄璜] College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;[史云峰] College of Orient Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China, Natl. Res. Center of Eng. Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Yu, L.-J.] N;Natl. Res. Center of Eng. Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Changsha 410128, China
作者：
Huabin Zheng;Huang Huang;Can Chen;Zhiqiang Fu;Ruifang Yang
作者机构：
College of Agronomy,Hunan Agricultural University,Changsha,410128,China;Key Laboratory of Multi-cropping Cultivation and Farming System,Ministry of Agriculture,Changsha 410128,China
摘要：
The excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides has caused significant damage to the environment and the economy;however,there are no effective measures that reduce fertilizer and pesticide use without decreasing grain yield.This study summarizes the history,function,and weaknesses of the classic farming technology of China.In addition,we point out that fish and ducks supersede humans in the role of 'predator',and illustrate how use of animals to control and reduce most pathogens,pests,and weeds is beneficial.Finally,we explain why the rice-fish/rice-duck (RF/RD) system requires less chemical NPK fertilizers and pesticides,and how it may play a role in maintaining biodiversity and protecting the paddy field ecological environment.On the basis of the function and weakness of RF/RD,our team presents a new complex planting and breeding model.The purpose of this model is to overcome the weaknesses of RF/RD,and further improve the classic farming technology's economic,social,and ecological benefits.
