The CZX urban agglomeration, located in the northeastern part of Hunan province, China, is an essential part of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, which includes Kaifu, Furong, and among others (Fig. S1), with a total area of 8615.43 km2 and an urbanization rate of 86.04 % in 2019 (Fig. 1). As an economic center and transportation hub of central China, the CZX urban agglomeration accounts for 4 % of Hunan's land area, 16 % of the population, and 40 % of the gross domestic product (GDP).