作者：
Xu, Xun;Pan, Shengkai;Cheng, Shifeng;Zhang, Bo;Mu, Desheng;Ni, Peixiang;Zhang, Gengyun;Yang, Shuang;Li, Ruiqiang;Wang, Jun;Orjeda, Gisella;Guzman, Frank;Torres, Michael;Lozano, Roberto;Ponce, Olga;Martinez, Diana;De la Cruz, German;Chakrabarti, S. K.;Patil, Virupaksh U.;Skryabin, Konstantin G.
期刊：
Nature,2011年475(7355):189-195 ISSN：0028-0836
通讯作者：
Xu, X.
作者机构：
[Torres, Giovana A.; Jiang, Jiming; Iovene, Marina] University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Horticulture, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA.;[Nilo Mejía; Sagredo, Boris] Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Avda. Salamanca s/n, Km 105 ruta 5 sur, sector Los Choapinos. Rengo, Región del Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins, Código Postal 2940000, Chile.;[Visser, Richard G. F.; van Ham, Roeland C. H. J.] Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, Netherlands.;[Liang, Chunbo; He, Jun; Zhang, Zhonghua; Li, Ying; Xu, Jianfei; Du, Yongchen; Qu, Dongyu; Zhang, Youjun; He, Ying; Xie, Binyan; Huang, Sanwen] Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Genetic Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Lab of Horticultural Genomics Technology, Beijing 100081, China.;[Orjeda, Gisella; Torres, Michael; Martinez, Diana; Guzman, Frank; Lozano, Roberto; Ponce, Olga; Germán De la Cruz] Cayetano Heredia University, Genomics Research Unit, Av Honorio Delgado 430, Lima 31, Peru and San Cristobal of Huamanga University, Biotechnology and Plant Genetics Laboratory, Ayacucho, Peru.
通讯机构：
[Huang, Sanwen] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Key Lab Hort Crops Genet Improvement, Sino Dutch Joint Lab Hort Genom, Inst Vegetables & Flowers,Minist Agr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.
期刊：
Science (New York, N.Y.),2014年345(6199):950-953 ISSN：0036-8075
通讯作者：
Chalhoub, B.
作者机构：
[Chalhoub, Boulos] Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/Universite d'Evry Val d'Essone, Unite de Recherche en Genomique Vegetale, UMR1165, Organization and Evolution of Plant Genomes, 2 rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry, France. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr;[Denoeud, France] Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Institut de Genomique (IG), Genoscope, BP5706, 91057 Evry, France. Universite d'Evry Val d'Essone, UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France. Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 8030, CP5706, Evry, France;[Hu, Qiong; Wang, Xinfa; Tong, Chaobo; Liu, Shengyi] Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture of People's Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China;[Parkin, Isobel A. P.] Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada. chalhoub@evry.inra.fr;[Tang, Haibao] J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry, University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian Province, China
通讯机构：
[Chalhoub, Boulos] Univ Evry Val dEssone, Inst Natl Rech Agron INRA, Unite Rech Genom Vegetale, UMR1165, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux, F-91057 Evry, France.;Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA)/ Université d'Evry Val D 'Essone, Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR1165, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, France
摘要：
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was formed similar to 7500 years ago by hybridization between B. rapa and B. oleracea, followed by chromosome doubling, a process known as allopolyploidy. Together with more ancient polyploidizations, this conferred an aggregate 72x genome multiplication since the origin of angiosperms and high gene content. We examined the B. napus genome and the consequences of its recent duplication. The constituent A(n) and C-n subgenomes are engaged in subtle structural, functional, and epigenetic cross-talk, with abundant homeologous exchanges. Incipient gene loss and expression divergence have begun. Selection in B. napus oilseed types has accelerated the loss of glucosinolate genes, while preserving expansion of oil biosynthesis genes. These processes provide insights into allopolyploid evolution and its relationship with crop domestication and improvement.
作者机构：
[Wang, Faxing] School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China. wuyp@fudan.edu.cn and Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universitat Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;[Wu, Xiongwei] School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China. wuyp@fudan.edu.cn and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China;[Yuan, Xinhai; Liu, Zaichun; Huang, Wei; Zhu, Yusong; Zhang, Yi; Fu, Lijun] School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China. wuyp@fudan.edu.cn;[Zhou, Qingming] College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China;[Wu, Yuping] School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China. wuyp@fudan.edu.cn and Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
通讯机构：
[Wu, Xiongwei] School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China. and College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China;[Wang, Faxing] School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China. and Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China and Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universitat Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;[Yuan, Xinhai] School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China.;[Wu, Yuping] School of Energy Science and Engineering, and Institute for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, Jiangsu Province, China. and Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
摘要：
Notably, many significant breakthroughs for a new generation of supercapacitors have been reported in recent years, related to theoretical understanding, material synthesis and device designs. Herein, we summarize the state-of-the-art progress toward mechanisms, new materials, and novel device designs for supercapacitors. Firstly, fundamental understanding of the mechanism is mainly focused on the relationship between the structural properties of electrode materials and their electrochemical performances based on some in situ characterization techniques and simulations. Secondly, some emerging electrode materials are discussed, including metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), MXenes, metal nitrides, black phosphorus, LaMnO3, and RbAg4I5/graphite. Thirdly, the device innovations for the next generation of supercapacitors are provided successively, mainly emphasizing flow supercapacitors, alternating current (AC) line-filtering supercapacitors, redox electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors, metal ion hybrid supercapacitors, micro-supercapacitors (fiber, plane and three-dimensional) and multifunctional supercapacitors including electrochromic supercapacitors, self-healing supercapacitors, piezoelectric supercapacitors, shape-memory supercapacitors, thermal self-protective supercapacitors, thermal self-charging supercapacitors, and photo self-charging supercapacitors. Finally, the future developments and key technical challenges are highlighted regarding further research in this thriving field.
作者机构：
[An, Ning; Ma, Lin; Fan, Mingsheng; Wu, Liangquan; Zhang, Fusuo; Wu, Liang; Wang, Guiliang; Zhang, Weifeng] College of Resources &Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;[Vitousek, Peter] Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;[Zhao, Ming; Zhang, Weijian] Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;[Ma, Wenqi] College of Resources &Environmental Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071001, China;[Zhang, Jiwang; He, Mingrong; Wang, Zhenlin] College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271000, China
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Fusuo] China Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.
摘要：
In an experiment across China to test integrated soil–crop system management for rice, wheat and maize against current practice, improvements in grain yield are equivalent to high-input techniques, but nutrient use, nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions are lower than current practice. Integrated soil–crop system management is a technique that aims to maximize yield and minimize environmental impact by adapting cropping systems to local conditions through optimal nutrient application, seasonal timing and the use of the best crop varieties. Fusuo Zhang and colleagues report the results of a China-wide test of this technique for the three main cereal crops — rice, wheat and maize. In comparisons with current practice and high input techniques, the authors find that the integrated system achieves yield improvements equivalent to high input techniques but with lower nutrient use, nutrient loss and greenhouse gas emissions than those found with the current practice. Agriculture faces great challenges to ensure global food security by increasing yields while reducing environmental costs1,2. Here we address this challenge by conducting a total of 153 site-year field experiments covering the main agro-ecological areas for rice, wheat and maize production in China. A set of integrated soil–crop system management practices based on a modern understanding of crop ecophysiology and soil biogeochemistry increases average yields for rice, wheat and maize from 7.2 million grams per hectare (Mg ha−1), 7.2 Mg ha−1 and 10.5 Mg ha−1 to 8.5 Mg ha−1, 8.9 Mg ha−1 and 14.2 Mg ha−1, respectively, without any increase in nitrogen fertilizer. Model simulation and life-cycle assessment3 show that reactive nitrogen losses and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced substantially by integrated soil–crop system management. If farmers in China could achieve average grain yields equivalent to 80% of this treatment by 2030, over the same planting area as in 2012, total production of rice, wheat and maize in China would be more than enough to meet the demand for direct human consumption and a substantially increased demand for animal feed, while decreasing the environmental costs of intensive agriculture.
作者机构：
Nanomaterials and Chemistry Key Laboratory Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325027 China<&wdkj&>College of Science Hunan Agriculture University Changsha 410128 China;[Xiao, Zhubing] Nanomaterials and Chemistry Key Laboratory, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
作者机构：
[Denoeud, France; Waminal, Nomar Espinosa; Zhao, Meixia; Wang, Jun; Wang, Xiyin] 1;[Ma, Jianxin] Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, WSLR Building B018, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;[Huang, Junyan; Hu, Qiong; Hu, Zhiyong; Yu, Jingyin; Liu, Jing; Huang, Shunmou; Wang, Xinfa; Dong, Caihua; Mei, Desheng; Huang, Yi; Shi, Jiaqin; Hua, Wei] The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, The Ministry of Agriculture of PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China;[Wu, Zhangyan; Lu, Changxin; Yang, Linfeng; Huang, Yin; Wang, Junyi; Xu, Xun; Liu, Wenbin; Pan, Shengkai; Liang, Xinming; Yue, Zhen; Zhou, Qing; Min, Jiumeng; Li, Wanshun; Wang, Zhuo] Beijing Genome Institute-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China;[Lu, Kun; Li, Jiana] College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, BeiBei District, Chongqing 400715, China
通讯机构：
[Liu, Shengyi] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Oil Crops Res Inst, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Oil Crops, Minist Agr PRC, Wuhan 430062, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Polyploidization has provided much genetic variation for plant adaptive evolution, but the mechanisms by which the molecular evolution of polyploid genomes establishes genetic architecture underlying species differentiation are unclear. Brassica is an ideal model to increase knowledge of polyploid evolution. Here we describe a draft genome sequence of Brassica oleracea, comparing it with that of its sister species B. rapa to reveal numerous chromosome rearrangements and asymmetrical gene loss in duplicated genomic blocks, asymmetrical amplification of transposable elements, differential gene co-retention for specific pathways and variation in gene expression, including alternative splicing, among a large number of paralogous and orthologous genes. Genes related to the production of anticancer phytochemicals and morphological variations illustrate consequences of genome duplication and gene divergence, imparting biochemical and morphological variation to B. oleracea. This study provides insights into Brassica genome evolution and will underpin research into the many important crops in this genus.
作者：
Yang, Dong-Lei;Yao, Jian;Mei, Chuan-Sheng;Tong, Xiao-Hong;Zeng, Long-Jun;Li, Qun;Xiao, Lang-Tao;Sun, Tai-ping;Li, Jigang;Deng, Xing-Wang;Lee, Chin Mei;Thomashow, Michael F.;Yang, Yinong;He, Zuhua;He, Sheng Yang
期刊：
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012年109(19):E1192-E1200 ISSN：0027-8424
通讯作者：
Yang, Y.
作者机构：
[Yang, Dong-Lei] National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
通讯机构：
[Yang, Yinong] Univ Arkansas, Dept Plant Pathol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA.
摘要：
Plants must effectively defend against biotic and abiotic stresses to survive in nature. However, this defense is costly and is often accompanied by significant growth inhibition. How plants coordinate the fluctuating growth-defense dynamics is not well understood and remains a fundamental question. Jasmonate (JA) and gibberellic acid (GA) are important plant hormones that mediate defense and growth, respectively. Binding of bioactive JA or GA ligands to cognate receptors leads to proteasome-dependent degradation of specific transcriptional repressors (the JAZ or DELLA family of proteins), which, at the resting state, represses cognate transcription factors involved in defense (e.g., MYCs) or growth [e.g. phytochrome interacting factors (PIFs)]. In this study, we found that the coi1 JA receptor mutants of rice (a domesticated monocot crop) and Arabidopsis (a model dicot plant) both exhibit hallmark phenotypes of GA-hypersensitive mutants. JA delays GA-mediated DELLA protein degradation, and the della mutant is less sensitive to JA for growth inhibition. Overexpression of a selected group of JAZ repressors in Arabidopsis plants partially phenocopies GA-associated phenotypes of the coi1 mutant, and JAZ9 inhibits RGA (a DELLA protein) interaction with transcription factor PIF3. Importantly, the pif quadruple (pifq) mutant no longer responds to JA-induced growth inhibition, and overexpression of PIF3 could partially overcome JA-induced growth inhibition. Thus, a molecular cascade involving the COI1-JAZ-DELLA-PIF signaling module, by which angiosperm plants prioritize JA-mediated defense over growth, has been elucidated.
摘要：
Increasing soil pollution problems have caused world-wide concerns. Large numbers of contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), petroleum and related products, pesticides, chlorophenols and heavy metals enter the soil, posing a huge threat to human health and natural ecosystem. Chemical and physical technologies for soil remediation are either incompetent or too costly. Composting or compost addition can simultaneously increase soil organic matter content and soil fertility besides bioremediation, and thus is believed to be one of the most cost-effective methods for soil remediation. This paper reviews the application of composting/compost for soil bioremediation, and further provides a critical view on the effects of this technology on microbial aspects in contaminated soils. This review also discusses the future research needs for contaminated soils.
作者：
Peng, X.*;Ye, L. L.;Wang, C. H.;Zhou, H.;Sun, B.
期刊：
Soil and Tillage Research,2011年112(2):159-166 ISSN：0167-1987
通讯作者：
Peng, X.
作者机构：
[Sun, B.; Peng, X.; Zhou, H.] State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, CAS, 71 Beijing East Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, China;[Wang, C. H.; Ye, L. L.] College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Peng, X.] CAS, Inst Soil Sci, State Key Lab Soil & Sustainable Agr, 71 Beijing E Rd, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.;State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, CAS, 71 Beijing East Road, China
摘要：
Applying biochar to soils may cause a win-win situation resulting in C sequestration and soil fertility improvement. The effect may be more evident in highly weathered and infertile tropical soils, but will be dependent on biochar quality. An Ultisol, typical to southern China, was used to evaluate amendment with biochars produced by a range of temperatures and durations, to investigate its effects on soil properties and plant growth. Rice straw-derived biochars were charred at temperatures from 250 to 450 degrees C for between 2 and 8 h. The increase of temperature caused smaller less structured (as viewed by SEM) fragments to form with less 0, H and aliphatic C functional groups, but more aromatic C as indicated by infrared spectroscopy. The mean residence time of biochars under controlled conditions (25 degrees C, 40% field capacity) was estimated from 244 to 1700 years, generally increasing with charring temperature and duration. Amendment of 1% biochar increased pH by 0.1-0.46 (P < 0.01) and CEC by 3.9-17.3% (P < 0.05), but had no effect on aggregate stability. In pot trials maize biomass was increased by 64% (without NPK) to 146% (with NPK) after biochar amendment. The study emphasizes that amendment with biochar can improve soil fertility at least in the short term. Future studies focusing on the persistence of biochar fertility in the field must explicitly take into account additional factors to transfer this technology. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
作者机构：
[Peng, Chi] State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
通讯机构：
[Ouyang, Zhiyun] Chinese Acad Sci, Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, State Key Lab Urban & Reg Ecol, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Health risk assessment;Incremental lifetime cancer risks;Kriging;PAHs;Principal component analysis;Urban soil
作者机构：
CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Beijing 100190 P. R. China<&wdkj&>School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China<&wdkj&>College of Science Hunan Agricultural University Changsha 410128 P. R. China;[Zuo, Tong-Tong; Ye, Huan; Li, Nian-Wu; Yin, Ya-Xia; Yang, Chun-Peng; Guo, Yu-Guo] CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, 100190, P. R. China;[Zuo, Tong-Tong; Ye, Huan; Yin, Ya-Xia; Guo, Yu-Guo] School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China;[Wu, Xiong-Wei] College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, P. R. China
通讯机构：
[Guo, Yu-Guo] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Chem, CAS Res Educ Ctr Excellence Mol Sci, CAS Key Lab Mol Nanostruct & Nanotechnol, Beijing 100190, Peoples R China.;[Wu, Xiong-Wei] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Guo, Yu-Guo] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Sch Chem & Chem Engn, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China.
关键词：
3D current collectors;graphitized carbon fibers;high areal capacity;lithium anodes
摘要：
The Li metal anode has long been considered as one of the most ideal anodes due to its high energy density. However, safety concerns, low efficiency, and huge volume change are severe hurdles to the practical application of Li metal anodes, especially in the case of high areal capacity. Here it is shown that that graphitized carbon fibers (GCF) electrode can serve as a multifunctional 3D current collector to enhance the Li storage capacity. The GCF electrode can store a huge amount of Li via intercalation and electrodeposition reactions. The as-obtained anode can deliver an areal capacity as high as 8 mA h cm(-2) and exhibits no obvious dendritic formation. In addition, the enlarged surface area and porous framework of the GCF electrode result in lower local current density and mitigate high volume change during cycling. Thus, the Li composite anode displays low voltage hysteresis, high plating/stripping efficiency, and long lifespan. The multifunctional 3D current collector promisingly provides a new strategy for promoting the cycling lifespan of high areal capacity Li anodes.
期刊：
Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2010年30(3):649-656 ISSN：1774-0746
通讯作者：
Peng, S.
作者机构：
International Rice Research Institute<&wdkj&>Huazhong Agricultural University<&wdkj&>Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science<&wdkj&>Hunan Agricultural University<&wdkj&>Yangzhou University<&wdkj&>Zhejiang University<&wdkj&>Northeast Agricultural University<&wdkj&>Chinese Academy of Sciences<&wdkj&>China Agricultural University;[Peng, Shaobing; Buresh, Roland J.; Dobermann, Achim] International Rice Research Institute;[Huang, Jianliang; Cui, Kehui] Huazhong Agricultural University;[Zhong, Xuhua] Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Science;[Zou, Yingbin; Tang, Qiyuan] Hunan Agricultural University
通讯机构：
[Peng, Shaobing] Int Rice Res Inst, Crop & Environm Sci Div, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines.
关键词：
site-specific nitrogen management;nitrogen use efficiency;grain yield;nitrogen response;rice;China
摘要：
Excessive nitrogen (N) application to rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in China causes environmental pollution, increases the cost of rice farming, reduces grain yield and contributes to global warming. Scientists from the International Rice Research Institute have collaborated with partners in China to improve rice N fertilization through site-specific N management (SSNM) in China since 1997. Field experiments and demonstration trials were conducted initially in Zhejiang province and gradually expanded to Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangsu, Hubei and Heilongjiang provinces. On average, SSNM reduced N fertilizer by 32% and increased grain yield by 5% compared with farmers’ N practices. The yield increase was associated with the reduction in insect and disease damage and improved lodging resistance of rice crop under the optimal N inputs. The main reason for poor fertilizer N use efficiency of rice crop in China is that most rice farmers apply too much N fertilizer, especially at the early vegetative stage. We observed about 50% higher indigenous N supply capacity in irrigated rice fields in China than in other major rice-growing countries. Furthermore, yield response of rice crop to N fertilizer application is low in China, around 1.5 t ha− on average. However, these factors were not considered by rice researchers and extension technicians in determining the N fertilizer rate for recommendation to rice farmers in China. After a decade of research on SSNM in China and other Asian rice-growing countries, we believe SSNM is a matured technology for improving both fertilizer N use efficiency and grain yield of rice crop. Our challenges are to further simplify the procedure of SSNM and to convince policy-makers of the effectiveness of this technology in order to facilitate a wider adoption of SSNM among rice farmers in China.
作者机构：
[Li, Ying; Shang, Yi; Yang, Xueyong; Shen, Di; Gu, Xingfang; Qi, Jianjian; Xie, Bingyan; Miao, Han; Wang, Shenhao; Huang, Sanwen; Du, Yongchen; Li, Xixiang; Lin, Tao; Zhang, Zhonghua; Yuan, Jinhong] Institute of Vegetables and Flowers of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing, China.;[Lucas, William J.] Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA.;[Zeng, Peng; Liu, Xin] BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.;[Mao, Linyong; Fei, Zhangjun] Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, New York, USA.;[Thomas Städler] Plant Ecological Genetics, Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
摘要：
Most fruits in our daily diet are the products of domestication and breeding. Here we report a map of genome variation for a major fruit that encompasses ∼3.6 million variants, generated by deep resequencing of 115 cucumber lines sampled from 3,342 accessions worldwide. Comparative analysis suggests that fruit crops underwent narrower bottlenecks during domestication than grain crops. We identified 112 putative domestication sweeps; 1 of these regions contains a gene involved in the loss of bitterness in fruits, an essential domestication trait of cucumber. We also investigated the genomic basis of divergence among the cultivated populations and discovered a natural genetic variant in a β-carotene hydroxylase gene that could be used to breed cucumbers with enhanced nutritional value. The genomic history of cucumber evolution uncovered here provides the basis for future genomics-enabled breeding.
摘要：
Although photocatalytic degradation is an ideal strategy for cleaning environmental pollution, it remains challenging to construct a highly efficient photocatalytic system by steering the charge flow in a precise manner. In this study, a novel atomic scale g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 heterojunction (UTCB) constructed by ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheets (ug-CN) and monolayer Bi2WO6 nanosheets (m-BWO) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal reaction. The UTCB heterojunctions were characterized by various techniques including XRD, TEM, AFM, BET measurements, UV–vis spectrometry, and XPS. The results indicated that UTCB heterojunctions were assembly of m-BWO on ug-CN and presented high separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Under visible light irradiation, the optimum molar ratio of ug-CN/m-BWO (1:4, UTCB-25) reached almost 96.1% removal efficiency of IBF within 1 h, which was about 2.7 times as that of pure m-BWO. The photocatalytic mechanisms of UTCB-25 were revealed, suggesting that the synergistic effect of UTCB-25 heterojunction with strong interfacial interaction promoted the photoinduced charge separation. According to the LC–MS/MS, five photodegradation pathways of IBF under visible light irradiation were proposed. This study could open new opportunities for the rational design and a better understanding of atomic scale two dimensions/two dimensions (2D/2D) heterojunctions in environmental or other applications.
期刊：
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2011年87(1):86-90 ISSN：0007-4861
通讯作者：
Zhou, C.
作者机构：
Micro-Nano Center, Hunan University<&wdkj&>Hunan Agricultural University<&wdkj&>School of MSE, Beijing Institute of Technology;[Zhang, Wenjie; Zhou, Weichang; Lei, Aihua; Zhang, Qinglin; Wan, Qiang] Micro-Nano Center, Hunan University;[Zhou, Chunjiao] Hunan Agricultural University;[Zou, Bingsuo] School of MSE, Beijing Institute of Technology
通讯机构：
[Zhou, Chunjiao] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, China
关键词：
Adsorption;Methylene blue;Graphene oxide;Electrostatic attraction;Langmuir model
摘要：
Highly efficient simultaneous removal of Cu(II) and tetracycline (TET) from aqueous solution was accomplished by iron and zinc doped sawdust biochar (Fe/Zn-biochar). The mutual effects and inner mechanisms of their adsorption onto Fe/Zn-biochar were systematically investigated via sole and binary systems, sorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics models. The liquid-film diffusion step might be the rate-limiting step for tetracycline, the interaction of Cu(II) was more likely controlled by both intra particle diffusion model and liquid film diffusion model. The fitting of experimental data with kinetic models, Temkin model indicates that the adsorption process of tetracycline and Cu(II) involve chemisorption, and physico-chemical adsorption, respectively. There exists site competition and enhancement of Cu(II) and tetracycline on the sorption to Fe/Zn-biochar. The results of this study indicate that modification of biochar derived from sawdust shows great potential for simultaneous removal of Cu(II) and tetracycline from co-contaminated water.
作者：
Xu, W.;Luo, X. S.;Pan, Y. P.;Zhang, L.;Tang, A. H.;Shen, J. L.;Zhang, Y.;Li, K. H.;Wu, Q. H.;Yang, D. W.;Zhang, Y. Y.;Xue, J.;Li, W. Q.;Li, Q. Q.;Tang, L.;Lu, S. H.;Liang, T.;Tong, Y. A.;Liu, P.;Zhang, Q.
期刊：
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,2015年15(21):12345-12360 ISSN：1680-7316
通讯作者：
Liu, X.J.
作者机构：
[Tian, K.; Zhong, X. H.] Guangdong Acad Agr Sci, Rice Res Inst, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, Peoples R China.;[Liu, P.; Zhang, Q.] Shanxi Acad Agr Sci, Inst Agr Environm & Resource, Taiyuan 030031, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, L. J.] Agr Univ Hebei, Coll Resources & Environm, Baoding 071001, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Y. X.] Anhui Acad Agr Sci, Inst Soil & Fertilizer, Hefei 230031, Peoples R China.;[He, C. E.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Geog Sci & Nat Resources, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, X. J.] China Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.
摘要：
A Nationwide Nitrogen Deposition Monitoring Network (NNDMN) containing 43 monitoring sites was established in China to measure gaseous NH3, NO2, and HNO3 and particulate NH4+ and NO3- in air and/or precipitation from 2010 to 2014. Wet/bulk deposition fluxes of N-r species were collected by precipitation gauge method and measured by continuous-flow analyzer; dry deposition fluxes were estimated using airborne concentration measurements and inferential models. Our observations reveal large spatial variations of atmospheric N-r concentrations and dry and wet/bulk N-r deposition. On a national basis, the annual average concentrations (1.3-47.0 mu g N m(-3)) and dry plus wet/bulk deposition fluxes (2.9-83.3 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) of inorganic Nr species are ranked by land use as urban > rural > background sites and by regions as north China > southeast China > southwest China > northeast China > northwest China > Tibetan Plateau, reflecting the impact of anthropogenic N-r emission. Average dry and wet/bulk N deposition fluxes were 20.6 +/- 11.2 (mean +/- standard deviation) and 19.3 +/- 9.2 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) across China, with reduced N deposition dominating both dry and wet/bulk deposition. Our results suggest atmospheric dry N deposition is equally important to wet/bulk N deposition at the national scale. Therefore, both deposition forms should be included when considering the impacts of N deposition on environment and ecosystem health.
作者机构：
[Shang, Yi] Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing 100081, China. Agricultural Genomic Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, China;[Zhang, Huimin; Liu, Min; Ma, Yongshuo] Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing 100081, China. College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;[Zhou, Yuan] Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Sino-Dutch Joint Laboratory of Horticultural Genomics, Beijing 100081, China. Horticulture and Landscape College, Hunan Agricultural University, National Chinese Medicinal Herbs Technology Center, Changsha 410128, China;[Qi, Xiaoquan; Duan, Lixin] Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China;[Chen, Huiming] Hunan Vegetable Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
摘要：
Cucurbitacins are triterpenoids that confer a bitter taste in cucurbits such as cucumber, melon, watermelon, squash, and pumpkin. These compounds discourage most pests on the plant and have also been shown to have antitumor properties. With genomics and biochemistry, we identified nine cucumber genes in the pathway for biosynthesis of cucurbitacin C and elucidated four catalytic steps. We discovered transcription factors Bl (Bitter leaf) and Bt (Bitter fruit) that regulate this pathway in leaves and fruits, respectively. Traces in genomic signatures indicated that selection imposed on Bt during domestication led to derivation of nonbitter cucurbits from their bitter ancestors.
