Bisphenol A (BPA), an emerging endocrine-disrupting chemical found in irrigation water, soil, and agricultural plastic mulch, presents potential exposure risks to pepper plants ( Capsicum annuum L.). This study investigated BPA impact, observing that BPA accumulates in a concentration-dependent manner, with highest levels in roots and lowest in fruit. High BPA exposure decreased photosynthetic pigment content, reduced stomatal size, caused chloroplast dilation, and increased reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde accumulation, disrupting hormone balance in leaves with a 2.3-fold increase ...
