This paper introduces the important achievements of pepper breeding over the past 60 years in China. It includes the collection, identification, evaluation, utilization and exploration of germplasm resources. The paper also discusses the important advancement in breeding technologies which includes heterosis utilization, anther culture, marker-assisted selection(MAS), multiple resistance breeding and shuttle breeding. In addition, the history of pepper breeding is reviewed, including the traditional breeding before 1980s and the modern breeding...