Based on the data of 39 counties in Hunan province and the county perspective, the paper adopts the three-stage DEA model which can eliminate environmental factors and random errors to measure the efficiency of resource allocation in rural compulsory education. The result shows that the resources allocation efficiency of rural compulsory education in Hunan province is overall high, but are different among counties; the environmental factors have significant impact on the allocation of resources, which means that per capita GDP representing the level of economic development has significant posi...