Involuntary autobiographical memories （IAMs） are memories of personal experiences that come to mind spontaneously--that is, pop into one＇s mind with no preceding attempt at retrieval. As a basic, universal mode of remembering, IAMs may serve directive and self functions. In contrast to voluntary autobiographical memories （VAMs）, the characteristics of IAMs are： being based on associations and direct retrieval in a bottom-up manner, involving more positive events and rehearsing less. Meanwhile, IAMs differ from VAMs by being more specific....
