The authors are grateful to two anonymous reviewers for providing helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript, Dr J. Qin (Flinders University) for improving the English, associate Professor M. Zhou for help in statistical analysis, Dr Zhang for analysing plant N and P concentrations, and Y. Li, G. Yang and Y. Lu for assistances in plant culture and harvest. This research was supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2006CB403301) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30670201).