Rice-fish system is the first globally important agricultural heritage system (GIAHS) and could be a potential option to improve modern rice production. This paper investigates energy flows and economic profits of two rice production agroecosystems in China. Results suggest that total energy input in rice-turtle-fish co-culture (RTF) was 18,889.63 MJ ha −1 , less than that of rice monoculture (RM) (20,289.44 MJ ha −1 ). Total energy output in RTF was 82,836.57 MJ ha −1 , higher than that of RM (77,221.21 MJ ha −1 ). The product safety index...
