This study was undertaken to reduce reliance on imported soybeans, enhance aquaculture industry resilience, and seek functional soybean meal substitutes. Seven hundred fifty juvenile grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) (initial weight: 24.00 ± 0.00 g) were assigned to five diets—soybean meal (SM), cottonseed meal (CM), cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC), and CM with 375 or 825 μg/kg (CMS1 or CMS2) sanguinarine—and, after eight weeks, evaluated for growth, liver and intestinal health, and bile acid metabolism. The results demonstrat...
