关键词：
paralytic shellfish toxins;acute exposure assessment;shellfish;probabilistic risk assessment;seasonal variation;human health
摘要：
The Yellow-Bohai Sea is an important semi-enclosed continental shelf marginal seas with an intensive aquaculture industry in China. The current study analyzed the contamination status and the time variations of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in shellfish between 2019 and 2020 from the Yellow-Bohai Sea in the Dalian area and estimated the acute health risks to consumers in China. A total of 199 shellfish samples (including 34 Pacific oysters, 25 Mediterranean blue mussels, 34 Manila clams, 36 bay scallops, 34 veined rapa whelks and 36 bloody clams) were analyzed from four representative aquaculture zones around the Yellow-Bohai Sea in Dalian. Among the samples, scallops and blood clams were the shellfish species with the highest detection rate of PSTs (94.4%), and the highest level of PSTs was detected in scallops with 3953.5 μg STX.2HCl eq./kg (μg STX.2HCL equivalents per kg shellfish tissue), followed by blood clams with 993.4 μg STX.2HCl eq./kg. The contents of PSTs in shellfish showed a time variation trend, and autumn was the season of concern for PST contamination in Dalian. For general Chinese consumers, the probability of acute health risks to shellfish consumers from dietary exposure to PSTs was around 13%. For typical consumers in coastal areas of China, especially those with higher shellfish intake, there was an acute health risk associated with exposure to PSTs through shellfish consumption during the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. It is suggested that the government continue to strengthen the monitoring of the source of PSTs and the monitoring of harmful algal blooms and give reasonable advice on shellfish consumption for consumers in coastal areas, such as not eating scallop viscera.
摘要：
Various phytochemicals have been reported to protect against oxidative stress. However, the mechanism underlying has not been systematically evaluated, which limited their application in disease treatment. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 - related factor 2 (Nrf2), a central transcription factor in oxidative stress response related to numerous diseases, is activated after dissociating from the cytoskeleton - anchored Kelch - like ECH - associated protein 1 (Keap1). The Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction has become an important drug target. This study was designed to clarify whether antioxidantive phytochemicals inhibit the Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction and activate the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway efficiently. Molecular docking and 3D - QSAR were applied to evaluate the interaction effects between 178 antioxidant phytochemicals and the Nrf2 binding site in Keap1. The Nrf2 activation effect was tested on a H2O2 - induced oxidative - injured cell model. Results showed that the 178 phytochemicals could be divided into high - , medium - , and low - total -score groups depending on their binding affinity with Keap1, and the high total - score group consisted of 24 compounds with abundant oxygen or glycosides. Meanwhile, these compounds could bind with key amino acids in the structure of the Keap1 - Nrf2 interface. Compounds from high - total - score group show effective activation effects on Nrf2. In conclusion, phytochemicals showed high binding affinity with Keapi are promising new Nrf2 activators.
摘要：
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a multipurpose plant that is being promoted as a sustainable source of bioactive phytochemicals and nutrients to reduce human and animal malnutrition. The plant offers new opportunities to small scale farmers, contributes to the production of raw materials for industries and can serve as nutritious food. The aim of this review is to stress this new development and to advocate the need for stronger policies, research and market development strategies to develop this natural resource. The re-integration of Moringa oleifera into the human food chain and food systems should be both lateral within Africa and vertical as product development, coupled with market development efforts, to facilitate the entry of moringa products into both the developed countries and emerging economy markets. All of this should be carried out in a way that serves the fundamental interests of all stakeholders, with the most important consideration given to the vulnerable, poor, rural communities wherein primary production occurs. A dynamic new suite of bio-products can be produced from agro-forestry systems that will at the same time contribute to the restoration of badly degraded ecosystems and agricultural site productivity. Identifying innovative policy approaches and interventions to the commercialization of Moringa oleifera products may enhance the endorsement of moringa as sustainable source of income for rural households and will contribute to better natural resources management. This should be done with special focus on smallholder growers to enhance sustainable agricultural systems.
