摘要：
Sulfonamides (SAs) is one kind of the most important pharmaceuticals occurring in the environment. As the food additive, an increase application of SAs in the production of livestock and poultry leads to amounts of SAs excreted in manure, resulting in persistent environment pollution. Our research aimed to study the effects of some conditioners(sawdust, rice straw) on SAs degradation during the aerobic composting of animal manure. The experiments were conducted for 10 manure composting treatments as follow: hog manure,10 mg·kg-1 SAs; hog manure+sawdust,10 mg·kg-1 SAs; hog manure+rice straw,10 mg·kg-1 SAs; hog manure,20 mg·kg-1SAs; hog manure+sawdust,20 mg·kg-1 SAs; hog manure+rice straw,20 mg/kg SAs; Chicken manure,10 mg·kg-1 SAs; Chicken manure+sawdust,10mg·kg-1SAs; Chicken manure,20mg·kg-1SAs; Chicken manure+sawdust, 20 mg·kg-1SAs.The degradation of four SAs,sulfamerazine(SM1),sulfachlorpyridazine(SCP), sulfadimoxine(SDM′), Sulfaquinoxaline(SQ) were evaluated. The results showed that over 60% of 4 kinds of SAs were degraded in 35d of aerobic composting. Significant degradation of SM1, SCP, SDM′, SQ were showed in treatments using conditioners than using manure alone. The reduction of 4 kinds of SAs ranged from 62.30 to 100% in all six treatments in aerobic composting, and the highest degraded rates were observed in six hog manure treatments with adding rice straws. It concluded that adding conditioners improved the degradation rate of 4 kinds of SAs during composting, which was considered as a practical and economical option for reducing antibiotic levels in animal manure before field use.
期刊：
Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment,2012年10(3-4):1285-1293 ISSN：1459-0255
通讯作者：
Yao, Zhihong
作者机构：
[Yang, Qinke; Li, Rui; Yao, Zhihong] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil & Water Conservat, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Qinke; Li, Rui; Yao, Zhihong] Minist Water Resources, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, Peoples R China.;[Yao, Zhihong] N China Univ Water Resources & Elect Power, Coll Resources & Environm, Zhengzhou 450011, Henan, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Qinke] NW Univ Xian, Dept Urban & Resource Sci, Xian 710069, Shaanxi, Peoples R China.;[Xie, Hongxia] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Yao, Zhihong] C;Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil & Water Conservat, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Soil erosion;Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE);the Loess Plateau;temporal and spatial variations;GIS spatial analysis
摘要：
Soil erosion has been recognized as severe problem for environment protection and human sustainability, especially in the Loess Plateau of China. This study was conducted to evaluate the temporal-spatial variations in soil erosion on the Loess Plateau (taking the Gushanchuan basin as an example) in the past three decades by combining Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE), remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology. The results showed that the temporal variation in soil erosion of the past three decades (1975 to 2006) could be divided into two stages. The first stage was from 1975 to 1986, and soil erosion was intensified and eroded area increased by 138.13 km2, particularly in the southeast part of the basin. The second stage was from 1986 to 2006, and erosion weakened. The eroded area decsreased by 163.09 km2, and the reduction in soil erosion distributed in the entire basin. Soil erosion above the medium degree mainly occurred in the elevation ranging from 1070 to 1300 m, with the slope ranging from 18° to 35°, correspondingly. The erosion above the medium degree had a rainfall erosivity range of 900 to 1150 MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1 in 1975 and 2006. The erosion above the medium degree in 1986 and 1997 had a rainfall erosivity ranging from 1300 and 1800 MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1. The area with serious soil erosion corresponded to the area distributed with high rainfall erosivity. Soil erosion predominantly occurred in farmlands. In the period from 1975 to 2006, the farmland area decreased while the woodland and pasture areas increased, and soil erosion weakened obviously as a result of land use adjustment. The results of this study would provide references for benefit assessment of soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau.
