摘要：
Millions of Chinese smallholder farmers were persuaded to adopt enhanced management practices, which led to a greater yield, reduced nitrogen fertilizer use and improved environmental performance throughout China. Two and a half billion smallholder farmers collectively manage 60 per cent of the world's arable land. How these farmers perform determines their own livelihood, but also affects global food security and ecosystem health. Here, Fusuo Zhang and colleagues show how some straightforward interventions have substantially improved the productivity and environmental performance of smallholder farmers across China over the past ten years. The team carried out more than 13,000 field trials across China's main agroecological zones and found that a series of management practices, collectively termed integrated soil–crop system management, increased maize, wheat and rice yields, nitrogen-use efficiency and farmer profitability. Scaling this approach up to 20.9 million smallholder farmer across 452 counties boosted grain yields to 33 million tonnes over the ten-year period, and reduced fertilizer use by 1.2 million tonnes and greenhouse gas emissions by up to 13 per cent. Sustainably feeding a growing population is a grand challenge1,2,3, and one that is particularly difficult in regions that are dominated by smallholder farming. Despite local successes4,5,6,7,8, mobilizing vast smallholder communities with science- and evidence-based management practices to simultaneously address production and pollution problems has been infeasible. Here we report the outcome of concerted efforts in engaging millions of Chinese smallholder farmers to adopt enhanced management practices for greater yield and environmental performance. First, we conducted field trials across China’s major agroecological zones to develop locally applicable recommendations using a comprehensive decision-support program. Engaging farmers to adopt those recommendations involved the collaboration of a core network of 1,152 researchers with numerous extension agents and agribusiness personnel. From 2005 to 2015, about 20.9 million farmers in 452 counties adopted enhanced management practices in fields with a total of 37.7 million cumulative hectares over the years. Average yields (maize, rice and wheat) increased by 10.8–11.5%, generating a net grain output of 33 million tonnes (Mt). At the same time, application of nitrogen decreased by 14.7–18.1%, saving 1.2 Mt of nitrogen fertilizers. The increased grain output and decreased nitrogen fertilizer use were equivalent to US$12.2 billion. Estimated reactive nitrogen losses averaged 4.5–4.7 kg nitrogen per Megagram (Mg) with the intervention compared to 6.0–6.4 kg nitrogen per Mg without. Greenhouse gas emissions were 328 kg, 812 kg and 434 kg CO2 equivalent per Mg of maize, rice and wheat produced, respectively, compared to 422 kg, 941 kg and 549 kg CO2 equivalent per Mg without the intervention. On the basis of a large-scale survey (8.6 million farmer participants) and scenario analyses, we further demonstrate the potential impacts of implementing the enhanced management practices on China’s food security and sustainability outlook.
摘要：
采用涡度相关技术对南方“双季稻-冬闲田”生态系统CO_2通量进行了一年的连续监测,分析了“双季稻-冬闲田”生态系统碳交换[净碳交换量(NEE)、总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统总呼吸(Reco) ]的动态变化及其影响因子。结果表明:南方“双季稻-冬闲田”生态系统NEE具有明显的日变化和季节变化, NEE月平均日变化在生长季表现为较明显的“U”型曲线,不同月份“U”型高度不同;NEE季节变化存在明显的两个吸收期(NEE为负)和三个排放期(NEE为正), NEE在早稻和晚稻的生长季有两个明显的碳吸收期,早稻平均值为-0.58 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1),最大值出现在2015年6月20日,为-1.77 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1),晚稻平均值为-1.28 g C·m~(-2),最大值出现在2015年9月19日,为-2.23 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1);冬闲期存在两个碳排放期,平均值为2.68 g C·m~(-2)·d~(-1)。水稻种植期间白天的净碳交换受光合有效辐射的影响显著,夜间的净碳交换受5 cm土壤温度的显著影响,温度低时的冬闲期温度敏感性高于温度高时的双季稻种植期。全年的NEE总和表现为碳排放,达778.4 g C·m~(-2),GPP为1 643.7 g C·m~(-2),Reco为2 425.8 g C·m~(-2)。因此,南方“双季稻-冬闲田”生态系统有可观的固碳减排潜力。
摘要：
Maturity stage in harvesting time greatly affects seed vigour. This work aimed to scientific harvesting time of hybrid rice for being high vigour with high & stable seed yield. Field experiments of different harvesting time were conducted in 2013-2014, and germination percentage (GP), vigour index (VI), seed moisture content and 1000-grain weight was determined. Both GP and VI progressively increased to peaks and then began to decline with harvesting time delayed, and the regression coefficients of varieties were ranged from 0.7214 to 0.9066. In addition, difference values between tangent points (DeltaX) of GP were higher than that of VI according to the quadratic functions. Based on seed vigour through the divided range from 75% to 125% of peak value, optimum harvesting time of IIY-416, JY-167, Yliangyou-1 (YLY-1) ranged from 17 to 27, 15 to 23 and 17 to 23 days after the completion of artificial pollination (DACAP), respectively. Moreover, when seedlots harvested from 17 to 23 DACAP, no significant difference was found on 1000-grain weight and the seed moisture content was kept relatively low (19-25%). Therefore, it can be concluded that hybrid rice seed can be earlier-harvest based on seed vigour, and 17 to 23 DACAP can be recommended as optimum harvesting time during hybrid rice seed production.
