作者机构：
[Rizza, S.] Univ Catania, Dept Phytosanitary Sci & Technol, I-95124 Catania, Italy.;Hunan Agr Univ, Horticulture & Landscape Coll, Changsha, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Rizza, S.] U;Univ Catania, Dept Phytosanitary Sci & Technol, I-95124 Catania, Italy.
摘要：
Citrus cultivation in China has increased since the late 1970s, with China now having the largest area of citrus in culture in the world that is spread in 22 provinces and municipalities. Hunan Province has undergone a program to become one of the major citrus producers in China. Poncirus trifoliata is the main rootstock, so citrus viroids are a limiting factor for further citriculture development. In mainland China, only the presence of Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) has been reported from Etrog citron indexing, sPAGE (sequential polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis (2), and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (3). Three viroid-like RNAs, a1, b1, and d, based on sPAGE patterns were detected years ago in our laboratory in budsticks received from Sichuan Province. To identify different viroids and determine their distribution, a survey has been undertaken. Field trees showing stunting, bark scaling and cracking of the rootstock, and poor yield were tested using biological indexing and PCR for the most frequent citrus viroids. Samples from six trees of a local sweet orange variety and three of a Clementine variety introduced from abroad, both grafted on P. trifoliata and showing a variable degree of bark scaling and cracking, were collected near Changsha and in the County of Xin Ning at the end of summer 2006. Small pieces of bark were inserted in stems of young E. citron budwood grafted on rough lemon and maintained in a warm greenhouse (24 to 32 degrees C). Indexing on E. citron showed mild epinasty and leaf roll typical of citrus viroid infections. To identify specific viroids, bark was ground to a fine powder with liquid nitrogen and total RNA was extracted with TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA) and tested by RT-PCR to detect CEVd, Hop Stunt viroid (HSVd), and Citrus viroid III (CVd-III), as well as to identify the cachexia variants of HSVd. Four primer pairs were used to test the RNA extracts by RT-PCR (1). All samples were infected by HSVd, eight with CVd-III, and six with CEVd. The cachexia variants of HSVd were detected in four of nine samples. Mixed infections were as follows: one sample had CEVd and HSVd, eight had HSVd and CVd-III, and five were infected by the three viroids. A second sampling 3 months after inoculation gave the same amplification patterns. The results show that at least three viroids are present in citrus orchards in Hunan Province. To our knowledge, this is the first report of cachexia variants of HSVd and CVd-III in China. The common occurrence of these viroids supports the need for proper indexing of mother trees and a specific shoot tip grafting program to create healthy budwood sources to provide healthy plants. References: (1) L. Bernard and N. Duran-Vila. Mol. Cell. Probes, 20:105, 2006. (2) L. Han et al. Viroids. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, 283, 2003. (3). Q. Hu et al. Acta Bot. Sin. 39:613, 1997.
关键词：
information audit;badness information;text character;Fuzzy neural network
摘要：
At Intelligent Methods for information audit system is hot spot in the field of network security, and application of pattern recognition and data mining in information audit system is world widely concerned and worldwide studying. As an important method of pattern recognition, Fuzzy neural network has the capability of self-organization, self-learning and generalization. Application of Fuzzy neural network in information audit system can not only identify the known badness information, but also can detect the new badness information and abnormal event.
作者机构：
[Hao, Xiao-Jiang] Kunming Inst Bot, State Key Lab Phytochem Plant Resource W China, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Living Creature Sci & Technol, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Hort & Landscape, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Hao, Xiao-Jiang] K;Kunming Inst Bot, State Key Lab Phytochem Plant Resource W China, Kunming 650204, Yunnan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Cipadessa cinerascens;Tetranortriterpenoids;Triterpenoids;Cipadesin D and E
摘要：
Two new tetranortriterpenoids, cipadesin D (1) and E (2), were isolated from the stems of Cipadessa cinerascens. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of their spectroscopic data.
期刊：
Small Ruminant Research,2007年72(1):1-10 ISSN：0921-4488
通讯作者：
Zhang, B
通讯机构：
[Zhang, B ] ;Human Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
small peptide;free amino acids;nitrogen equilibrium;digestibility;goat
摘要：
To study the effects of soybean small peptides (SSP) on nitrogen balance, nutrient digestibility and concentrations of glucose, ammonia and amino acids (AA) in portal veinous plasma (PVP) of goats, eight Xiangdong black goats were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Goats were divided at random into four groups (two goats per group). Each group received the following four treatments in a different order over four treatment periods: SSP in the basic diet by feeding (SSPF), free AA (FAA) in the basic diet by feeding (FAAF), SSP by infusing through the duodenum fistula (SSPI), or FAA by infusing through the duodenum fistula (FAAI). Results showed that nitrogen retention (N-R) in SSPI and SSPF goats was greater than FAAF (P < 0.0 1) and FAAI (P < 0.05) goats, and NR in FAAl goats was greater than FAAF goats (P < 0.05). Apparent protein digestibility (aD(N)) in SSPI goats was significantly greater than FAAF (P < 0.01) and FAAI (P < 0.05) goats, and aD(N) in SSPF and FAAI goats was greater (P < 0.05) than FAAF goats, respectively. Moreover, apparent biological value of protein (aBV) in SSPI goats was greater by 48.71% (P < 0.0 1), 32.71 % (P <0.05) and 20.98% (P < 0.05) than FAAF, FAAl and SSPF goats, respectively, and aBV in SSPF goats was greater (P < 0.05) than FAAF goats. Regarding the digestibility of dietary nutrients, there were no significant differences in crude fat digestibility among the different treatments. However, ME digestibility in SSPI goats was greater by 14.59% (P < 0.05), 10.10% (P > 0.05) and 3.40% (P > 0.05) than FAAF, FAAl and SSPF goats, respectively. But, ME digestibility in FAAF goats was less (P > 0.05) than SSPF goats. Total AA digestibilities in SSPI, FAAI, SSPF and FAAF goats were 78.74%, 69.55%, 73.88% and 64.69%, respectively. By contrast, dietary crude fiber digestibilities in SSPF and FAAF goats were greater than SSPI or FAAI goats. Glucose levels in PVP of SSPI and FAAl goats were greater (P < 0.05) than SSPF and FAAF goats. Ammonia levels in PVP of SSPF and FAAF goats were greater (P < 0.05) than SSPI and FAAl goats. AA level in PVP of SSPI goats was significantly greater than FAAF (P < 0.0 1), FAAl (P < 0.05) and SSPF (P < 0.05) goats, and the levels in SSPF and FAAI goats were greater (P < 0.05) than FAAF goats. Our results suggested that SSP is more effective than FAA in promoting nitrogen balance and protein biological value, and increasing digestibility of dietary nutrients and levels of glucose and amino acids in PVP of goats. Supplying SSP or FAA by infusing through the duodenum fistula was more advantageous than that by feeding. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
摘要：
Two digestibility experiments were carried out to comparatively measure true phosphorus (P) digestibility and the faecal endogenous P loss associated with soybean meat (SBM) and wheat middling meal (WM) for growing pigs by the simple linear regression analysis technique and the substitution method. Eight barrows, with an average initial body weight 21 kg, were randomly divided into two groups of four pigs with each group being fed four test diets according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Eight maize starch-based diets containing four levels (on dry matter basis) of P (0.20, 0.24, 0.3 6 and 0.42%) and P (0. 181, 0.26, 0.36, and 0.43 %) were formulated from SBM and WM as a sole source of P, respectively. Chromic oxide (0.30%) was used as a digestibility marker. Each experimental period comprised 8 d with a 4-d adaptation and a 4-d collection of faecal samples. Levels of the assay ingredient substitutions had no effects (P > 0.05) on true P digestibility and the endogenous P loss associated with SBM and WM measured by the substitution method. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between the regression technique and the substitution method in measuring the true P digestibility (SBM: 49.4 +/- 3.51 vs. 50.6 +/- 2.4; WM: 63.7 +/- 5.0 vs. 63.2 +/- 5.4%) as well as the faecal endogenous P loss (SBM: 0.62 +/- 0.10 vs. 0.71 +/- 0.11 WM: 0.65 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.70 +/- 0.17 g/kg dry matter intake) for the growing pig. Thus, true P digestibility and the faecal endogenous P loss in feed ingredients for pigs may be measured by using the regression analysis technique and the substitution method. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
摘要：
A cpDNA fragment of 34 genotypes belonging to Citrus and four related genera was amplified and sequenced. Chloroplast microsatellites were revealed with the length of repeats ranging from 25 to 44 bases. Other than the normal uninucleotide poly(A) repeats, a trinucleotide poly(TAA) motif was also found, the first report of such repeats in a plant chloroplast genome. According to SSR structure variations, 18 Chloroplast SSR Types (CST) were identified. The CST sequences were informative for better understanding the genetic relationships of chloroplast genomes among the analyzed genotypes and confirmed some previous hypotheses about the female parent of several hybrid accessions.
摘要：
The water-soluble antioxidant, chlorogenic acid, was successfully encapsulated in the low cost-high volume yeast cells for the first time, as characterized by FT-IR spectra and fluorescence micrograph of the yeast cells, chlorogenic acid and microcapsule. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of yeast cells could be enhanced significantly (P < 0.001) by the treatment of yeast cells with plasmolyser before encapsulation. Also, the release characteristics of the obtained yeast-encapsulated chlorogenic acid were evaluated, and its storage stability as a powder were investigated at 25 degrees C/75% relative humidity (RH), 25 degrees C/90% RH and 60 degrees C. It could be clearly demonstrated that no chemical changes had taken place during the encapsulation, and the yeast-encapsulated chlorogenic acid exhibited a good stability. This study would be helpful to promote the application of chlorogenic acid. The new yeast-cell-based encapsulation protocol may have some general interests for maintaining the stability of other water-soluble substances. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
摘要：
Plants' uptake and metabolism of cyanide in response to changes in temperature was investigated. Pre-rooted weeping willows (Salix babylonica L.) were exposed to hydroponic solution spiked with potassium cyanide for 2-3 d. Ten different temperatures were used, ranging from 11 degrees C to 32 degrees C. Cyanide in water, plant tissue, and air was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The results revealed that significant amounts of the applied cyanide were removed from the aqueous solutions in the presence of plants. Small amounts of free cyanide were detected in plant materials in all treatments, but there was no clear trend that showed an increase or decrease in the accumulation in plant material with temperature. The highest cyanide metabolism rate for weeping willows was found at 32 degrees C with a value of 2.78 mg CN/(kg center dot d), whereas the lowest value was 1.20 mg CN/(kg center dot d) at 11 degrees C. The temperature coefficient, Q(10), which is the ratio of metabolism rates at a 10 degrees C difference, was determined for weeping willows to be 1.46. In conclusion, changes in temperature have a substantial influence on the uptake and metabolism of cyanide by plants, but cyanide accumulation does not increase with temperature.
摘要：
Four samples of herbal chrysanthemum have been profiled qualitatively by LC−MS5 to identify their component chlorogenic acids and partially characterize other caffeic acid derivatives. The chlorogenic acids were minor components, and the four samples varied markedly in profile. Three p-coumaroylquinic acids, three feruloylquinic acids, four caffeoylquinic acids, six dicaffeoylquinic acids, and two tricaffeoylquinic acids were detected, 13 for the first time from this source. Partial characterization of minor components suggested the presence of five caffeoyl-hexose esters and caffeic acid-4-β-d-glucose that have not previously been reported from this source, and eight caffeoylquinic acid glycosides and 16 dicaffeoylquinic acid glycosides that have not previously been reported in nature. Succinic acid-containing chlorogenic acids and chlorogenic acids based on epi-quinic acid, previously reported in Chrysanthemum spp., were not detected in these samples.
Keywords: Asteraceae; Beijuhua; caffeic acid glycosides; caffeoyl-hexoses; caffeoylquinic acids; caffeoylquinic acid glycosides; chlorogenic acids; Chrysanthemum; p-coumaroylquinic acids; cynarin; Dendranthema; dicaffeoylquinic acid glycosides; dicaffeoylquinic acids; disuccinoyl-caffeoylquinic acids; feruloylquinic acids; Garland; Gongju; Ju Hua; LC−MSn; succinoyl-caffeoylquinic acids; succinoyl-dicaffeoylquinic acids; tricaffeoylquinic acids
摘要：
Two Schistosoma japonicum vaccine candidate antigens Sj 31 and Sj 32, which have shown particular promise to induce protective immunity in mice, were used to immunize goats by using a DNA priming-protein boosting strategy in present work. DNA vaccine formulations of the two antigens (VRSj31 and VRSj32) were produced and injected intramuscularly twice at a 2-week interval and then recombinant proteins (rSj31 and rSj32) together with Freund Complete Adjuvant (FCA) were used to boost the goats. The experiment was repeated in different batche cercariae. A strong anamnestic antibody response was induced after boost. A significant reduction of liver egg counts and miracidial hatching was showed in both experiments. Significant protections against challenge infection were elicited with 31.6% of percentage reduction for worm recovery in the second experiment and 20.9% in the first experiment, respectively.
