作者机构：
[Vinh Ha Dinh Thi; Mestiri, Imen; Chalabi, Smahane; Jabbari, Kamel; Just, Jeremy; Lu, Yunhai; Arnaud, Dominique; Canaguier, Aurelie; Le Clainche, Isabelle; Chalhoub, Boulos; Chelaifa, Houda; Belcram, Harry] Univ Evry Val dEssone, Inst Natl Rech Agron INRA, Unite Rech Genom Vegetale, UMR1165, F-91057 Evry, France.;[Da Silva, Corinne; Denoeud, France; Bento, Pascal; Wincker, Patrick; Labadie, Karine; Alberti, Adriana; Correa, Margot; Noel, Benjamin; Bernard, Maria; Aury, Jean-Marc; Battail, Christophe] Commissariat Energie Atom CEA, Inst Genom IG, F-91057 Evry, France.;[Denoeud, France; Wincker, Patrick] Univ Evry Val dEssone, UMR 8030, F-91057 Evry, France.;[Denoeud, France; Wincker, Patrick] Ctr Natl Rech Sci CNRS, UMR 8030, Evry, France.;[Hu, Qiong; Wang, Xinfa; Tong, Chaobo; Liu, Shengyi; Hua, Wei] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Oil Crops, Minist Agr Peoples Republ China, Oil Crops Res Inst, Wuhan 430062, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Chalhoub, Boulos] Univ Evry Val dEssone, Inst Natl Rech Agron INRA, Unite Rech Genom Vegetale, UMR1165, 2 Rue Gaston Cremieux, F-91057 Evry, France.
摘要：
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) was formed similar to 7500 years ago by hybridization between B. rapa and B. oleracea, followed by chromosome doubling, a process known as allopolyploidy. Together with more ancient polyploidizations, this conferred an aggregate 72x genome multiplication since the origin of angiosperms and high gene content. We examined the B. napus genome and the consequences of its recent duplication. The constituent A(n) and C-n subgenomes are engaged in subtle structural, functional, and epigenetic cross-talk, with abundant homeologous exchanges. Incipient gene loss and expression divergence have begun. Selection in B. napus oilseed types has accelerated the loss of glucosinolate genes, while preserving expansion of oil biosynthesis genes. These processes provide insights into allopolyploid evolution and its relationship with crop domestication and improvement.
通讯机构：
[Liu, Shengyi] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Oil Crops Res Inst, Key Lab Biol & Genet Improvement Oil Crops, Minist Agr PRC, Wuhan 430062, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Polyploidization has provided much genetic variation for plant adaptive evolution, but the mechanisms by which the molecular evolution of polyploid genomes establishes genetic architecture underlying species differentiation are unclear. Brassica is an ideal model to increase knowledge of polyploid evolution. Here we describe a draft genome sequence of Brassica oleracea, comparing it with that of its sister species B. rapa to reveal numerous chromosome rearrangements and asymmetrical gene loss in duplicated genomic blocks, asymmetrical amplification of transposable elements, differential gene co-retention for specific pathways and variation in gene expression, including alternative splicing, among a large number of paralogous and orthologous genes. Genes related to the production of anticancer phytochemicals and morphological variations illustrate consequences of genome duplication and gene divergence, imparting biochemical and morphological variation to B. oleracea. This study provides insights into Brassica genome evolution and will underpin research into the many important crops in this genus.
作者机构：
[An, Ning; Ma, Lin; Fan, Mingsheng; Wu, Liangquan; Zhang, Fusuo; Wu, Liang; Wang, Guiliang; Chen, Xinping; Cui, Zhenling; Zhang, Weifeng] China Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.;[Vitousek, Peter] Stanford Univ, Dept Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.;[Zhao, Ming; Zhang, Weijian] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Crop Sci, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.;[Ma, Wenqi] Agr Univ Hebei, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Baoding 071001, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Jiwang; He, Mingrong; Wang, Zhenlin] Shandong Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Tai An 271000, Shandong, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Fusuo] China Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Agriculture faces great challenges to ensure global food security by increasing yields while reducing environmental costs(1,2). Here we address this challenge by conducting a total of 153 site-year field experiments covering the main agro-ecological areas for rice, wheat and maize production in China. A set of integrated soil-crop system management practices based on a modern understanding of crop ecophysiology and soil biogeochemistry increases average yields for rice, wheat and maize from 7.2 million grams per hectare (Mg ha(-1)), 7.2 Mg ha(-1) and 10.5 Mg ha(-1) to 8.5 Mg ha(-1), 8.9 Mg ha(-1) and 14.2 Mg ha(-1), respectively, without any increase in nitrogen fertilizer. Model simulation and life-cycle assessment(3) show that reactive nitrogen losses and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced substantially by integrated soil-crop system management. If farmers in China could achieve average grain yields equivalent to 80% of this treatment by 2030, over the same planting area as in 2012, total production of rice, wheat and maize in China would be more than enough to meet the demand for direct human consumption and a substantially increased demand for animal feed, while decreasing the environmental costs of intensive agriculture.
关键词：
Biotic and abiotic stresses;Crop improvement;Crop management;Grain yield;Rice research;Stress tolerance
摘要：
Rice production in China has more than tripled in the past five decades mainly due to increased grain yield rather than increased planting area. This increase has come from the development of high-yielding varieties and improved crop management practices such as nitrogen fertilization and irrigation. However, yield stagnation of rice has been observed in the past ten years in China. As its population rises, China will need to produce about 20% more rice by 2030 in order to meet its domestic needs if rice consumption per capita stays at the current level. This is not an easy task because several trends and problems in the Chinese rice production system constrain the sustainable increase in total rice production. Key trends include a decline in arable land, increasing water scarcity, global climate change, labor shortages, and increasing consumer demand for high-quality rice (which often comes from low-yielding varieties). The major problems confronting rice production in China are narrow genetic background, overuse of fertilizers and pesticides, breakdown of irrigation infrastructure, oversimplified crop management, and a weak extension system. Despite these challenges, good research strategies can drive increased rice production in China. These include the development of new rice varieties with high yield potential, improvement of resistances to major diseases and insects, and to major abiotic stresses such as drought and heat, and the establishment of integrated crop management. We believe that a sustainable increase in rice production is achievable in China with the development of new technology through rice research.
作者：
Xu, W.;Luo, X. S.;Pan, Y. P.;Zhang, L.;Tang, A. H.;Shen, J. L.;Zhang, Y.;Li, K. H.;Wu, Q. H.;Yang, D. W.;Zhang, Y. Y.;Xue, J.;Li, W. Q.;Li, Q. Q.;Tang, L.;Lu, S. H.;Liang, T.;Tong, Y. A.;Liu, P.;Zhang, Q.
期刊：
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS,2015年15(21):12345-12360 ISSN：1680-7316
通讯作者：
Liu, X. J.
作者机构：
[Wu, Q. H.; Zhang, Y. Y.; Liu, X. J.; Xu, W.; Tang, A. H.; Li, Q. Q.; Yang, D. W.; Xue, J.; Luo, X. S.; Zhang, F. S.] China Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.;[Luo, X. S.] Henan Acad Agr Sci, Inst Plant Nutr Resources & Environm Sci, Zhengzhou 450002, Peoples R China.;[Pan, Y. P.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, State Key Lab Atmospher Boundary Layer Phys & Atm, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, L.] Peking Univ, Sch Phys, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Lab Climate & Ocean Atmosphere Studies, Beijing 100871, Peoples R China.;[Shen, J. L.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Subtrop Agr, Changsha 4410125, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, X. J.] China Agr Univ, Coll Resources & Environm Sci, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.
摘要：
A Nationwide Nitrogen Deposition Monitoring Network (NNDMN) containing 43 monitoring sites was established in China to measure gaseous NH3, NO2, and HNO3 and particulate NH4+ and NO3- in air and/or precipitation from 2010 to 2014. Wet/bulk deposition fluxes of N-r species were collected by precipitation gauge method and measured by continuous-flow analyzer; dry deposition fluxes were estimated using airborne concentration measurements and inferential models. Our observations reveal large spatial variations of atmospheric N-r concentrations and dry and wet/bulk N-r deposition. On a national basis, the annual average concentrations (1.3-47.0 mu g N m(-3)) and dry plus wet/bulk deposition fluxes (2.9-83.3 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)) of inorganic Nr species are ranked by land use as urban > rural > background sites and by regions as north China > southeast China > southwest China > northeast China > northwest China > Tibetan Plateau, reflecting the impact of anthropogenic N-r emission. Average dry and wet/bulk N deposition fluxes were 20.6 +/- 11.2 (mean +/- standard deviation) and 19.3 +/- 9.2 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) across China, with reduced N deposition dominating both dry and wet/bulk deposition. Our results suggest atmospheric dry N deposition is equally important to wet/bulk N deposition at the national scale. Therefore, both deposition forms should be included when considering the impacts of N deposition on environment and ecosystem health.
作者：
Rang, Z. W.;Jagadish, S. V. K.*;Zhou, Q. M.;Craufurd, P. Q.;Heuer, S.
期刊：
Environmental and Experimental Botany,2011年70(1):58-65 ISSN：0098-8472
通讯作者：
Jagadish, S. V. K.
作者机构：
[Heuer, S.; Jagadish, S. V. K.; Rang, Z. W.] Int Rice Res Inst, Manila, Philippines.;[Zhou, Q. M.; Rang, Z. W.] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Craufurd, P. Q.] Int Crops Res Inst Semi Arid Trop, Patancheru 502324, Andhra Pradesh, India.;[Jagadish, S. V. K.] Int Rice Res Inst, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines.
通讯机构：
[Jagadish, S. V. K.] Int Rice Res Inst, DAPO Box 7777, Manila, Philippines.
摘要：
In future climates, rice could more frequently be subjected to simultaneous high temperature and water stress during sensitive developmental stages such as flowering. In this study, five rice genotypes were exposed to high temperature, water stress and combined high temperature and water stress during flowering to quantify their response through spikelet fertility. Microscopic analyses revealed significant differences in anther dehiscence between treatments and genotypes, with a moderately high association with the number of germinated pollen grains on the stigma. There was a strong relationship between spikelet fertility and the number of germinated pollen on stigmas. Although, all three stress treatments resulted in spikelet sterility, high-temperature stress caused the highest sterility in all five genotypes. A cumulative linear decline in spikelet fertility with increasing duration of independent high-temperature stress and in combination with water stress was quantified. Better anther dehiscence, higher in vivo pollen germination, and higher spikelet fertility were observed in both the N22 accessions compared with IR64, Apo and Moroberekan under high temperature, water stress and combined stress, indicating its ability to tolerate multiple abiotic stresses. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
关键词：
"Super" hybrid rice;Radiation use efficiency;Yield components;Yield potential
摘要：
China's “super” hybrid rice breeding project has developed many new varieties using a combination of the ideotype approach and intersubspecific heterosis. It is controversial whether these “super” hybrid varieties have increased the yield potential of irrigated rice. This study was conducted to compare grain yield and yield attributes among “super” hybrid, ordinary hybrid, and inbred varieties. Field experiments were done in Liuyang (moderate-yielding site) and Guidong (high-yielding site) counties, Hunan Province, China, in 2007 and 2008. Two varieties from each varietal group were grown in each field experiment under moderate and high N rates. Grain yield, yield components, aboveground total dry weight, harvest index, total N uptake, and crop radiation use efficiency (RUE) were measured for each variety. A significant difference in grain yield was observed among the varieties and varietal groups but not between the two N rates. “Super” hybrid varieties have increased rice yield potential by 12% compared with ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties. The higher grain yield of “super” hybrid varieties was attributed to improvement in both source and sink. “Super” hybrid varieties produced more biomass than ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties. Long growth duration and high accumulated incident radiation were partially responsible for high biomass production for the “super” hybrid varieties. “Super” hybrid varieties had significantly larger panicle size (spikelets per panicle) than ordinary hybrid and inbred varieties, which resulted in larger sink size (spikelets per m2). Crop RUE did not explain the yield superiority of “super” hybrid rice. Our study suggests that “super” hybrid rice varieties do not necessarily require more N fertilizer to produce high grain yield.
摘要：
Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most destructive diseases of rice worldwide. The rice-M. oryzae pathosystem has become a model in the study of plant-fungal interactions because of its scientific advancement and economic importance. Recent studies have identified a number of new pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors from the blast fungus that trigger rice immune responses upon perception. Interaction analyses between avirulence effectors and their cognate resistance proteins have provided new insights into the molecular basis of plant-fungal interactions. In this review, we summarize the recent research on the characterization of those genes in both M. oryzae and rice that are important for the PAMP- and effector-triggered immunity recognition and signaling processes. We also discuss future directions for research that will further our understanding of this pathosystem.
摘要：
Cold stress adversely affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and productivity, and has so far determined its geographical distribution. Dissecting cold stress-mediated physiological changes and understanding their genetic causes will facilitate the breeding of rice for cold tolerance. Here, we review recent progress in research on cold stress-mediated physiological traits and metabolites, and indicate their roles in the cold-response network and cold-tolerance evaluation. We also discuss criteria for evaluating cold tolerance and evaluate the scope and shortcomings of each application. Moreover, we summarize research on quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to cold stress at the germination, seedling, and reproductive stages that should provide useful information to accelerate progress in breeding cold-tolerant rice.
摘要：
Flowering time adaptation is a major breeding goal in the allopolyploid species Brassica napus. To investigate the genetic architecture of flowering time, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of flowering time was conducted with a diversity panel comprising 523 B. napus cultivars and inbred lines grown in eight different environments. Genotyping was performed with a Brassica 60K Illumina Infinium SNP array. A total of 41 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed on 14 chromosomes were found to be associated with flowering time, and 12 SNPs located in the confidence intervals of quantitative trait loci (QTL) identified in previous researches based on linkage analyses. Twenty-five candidate genes were orthologous to Arabidopsis thaliana flowering genes. To further our understanding of the genetic factors influencing flowering time in different environments, GWAS was performed on two derived traits, environment sensitivity and temperature sensitivity. The most significant SNPs were found near Bn-scaff_16362_1-p380982, just 13 kb away from BnaC09g41990D, which is orthologous to A. thaliana CONSTANS (CO), an important gene in the photoperiod flowering pathway. These results provide new insights into the genetic control of flowering time in B. napus and indicate that GWAS is an effective method by which to reveal natural variations of complex traits in B. napus.
通讯机构：
[Wang, Guo-Liang] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Plant Protect, State Key Lab Biol Plant Dis & Insect Pests, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.
关键词：
effectors;necrotrophic fungi;innate immunity;defense response;PRR and epigenetic modification
摘要：
Fungal diseases pose constant threats to the global economy and food safety. As the largest group of plant fungal pathogens, necrotrophic fungi cause heavy crop losses worldwide. The molecular mechanisms of the interaction between necrotrophic fungi and plants are complex and involve sophisticated recognition and signaling networks. Here, we review recent findings on the roles of phytotoxin and proteinaceous effectors, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and small RNAs from necrotrophic fungi. We also consider the functions of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), the receptor-like protein kinase BIK1, and epigenetic regulation in plant immunity to necrotrophic fungi.
关键词：
super hybrid rice;yield;panicle number;panicle size
摘要：
Chinese super hybrid rice breeding project has developed many new varieties with great yield potential. It is controversial which yield component should be emphasized in super hybrid rice production. The present study was conducted to compare super hybrid rice with common hybrid and super inbred rice and analyze contributions of yield components to grain yield of super hybrid rice under experimental conditions, and evaluate relationships between grain yield and yield components of super hybrid rice in farmer's paddy fields. Field experiments were done in Changsha, Guidong, and Nanxian, Hunan Province, China, from 2007 to 2009. Eight super hybrid varieties, one common hybrid variety, and one super inbred variety were grown in each location and year. Rice production investigation was undertaken in high-yielding (Guidong), moderate-yielding (Nanxian), and low-yielding (Ningxiang) regions of Hunan Province, China, in 2009. Grain yield and yield components were measured in both the field experiments and rice production investigation. Super hybrid rice varieties outyielded common hybrid and super inbred varieties across three locations and years. Yield potential has been increased by 11.4% in super hybrid rice varieties compared with common and super inbred varieties. The higher yield of super hybrid varieties was attributed to improvement in panicle size. Panicles per m(2) had the highest positive contribution to grain yield with the exception under yield level of 10.0 to 12.0 t ha(-1), and was positively related to grain yield in farmer's field at all of the high-, moderate-, and low-yielding regions. Our study suggests that panicle per m2 ought to be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.
摘要：
In future climates, rice crops will be frequently exposed to water deficit and heat stress at the most sensitive flowering stage, causing spikelet sterility and yield losses. Water deficit alone and in combination with heat stress significantly reduced peduncle elongation, trapping 32% and 55% of spikelets within the leaf sheath, respectively. Trapped spikelets had lower spikelet fertility (66% in control) than those exserted normally (>93%). Average weighted fertility of exserted spikelets was lowest with heat stress (35%) but higher with combined stress (44%), suggesting acquired thermo-tolerance when preceded by water-deficit stress. Proteins favoring pollen germination, i.e., pollen allergens and beta expansin, were highly up-regulated with water deficit but were at normal levels under combined stress. The chaperonic heat shock transcripts and proteins were significantly up-regulated under combined stress compared with either heat or water deficit. The importance of spikelet proteins responsive to water deficit and heat stress to critical physiological processes during flowering is discussed.
