摘要：
Anhedonia is a hallmark symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD). Preliminary findings suggest that anhedonia is characterized by reduced reward anticipation and motivation of obtaining reward. However, relatively little is known about reward-based decision-making in depression. We tested the hypothesis that anhedonia in MDD may reflect specific impairments in motivation on reward-based decision-making and the deficits might be associated with depressive symptoms severity. In study 1, individuals with and without depressive symptoms performed the modified version of the Effort Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT), a behavioral measure of cost/benefit decision-making. In study 2, MDD patients, remitted MDD patients and healthy controls were recruited for the same procedures. We found evidence for decreased willingness to make effort for rewards among individuals with subsyndromal depression; the effect was amplified in MDD patients, but dissipated in patients with remitted depression. We also found that reduced anticipatory and consummatory pleasure predicted decreased willingness to expend efforts to obtain rewards in MDD patients. For individuals with subsyndromal depression, the impairments were correlated with anticipatory anhedonia but not consummatory anhedonia. These data offer novel evidence that motivational deficits in MDD are correlated with depression severity and predicted by self-reported anhedonia. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
摘要：
Background: Anhedonia, the loss of interest or pleasure in reward processing, is a hallmark feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), but its underlying neurobiological mechanism is largely unknown. The present study aimed to examine the underlying neural mechanism of reward-related decision-making in patients with MDD. Method: We examined behavioral and neural responses to rewards in patients with first-episode MDD (N=25) and healthy controls (N=25) using the Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT). The task involved choices about possible rewards of varying magnitude and probability. We tested the hypothesis that individuals with MDD would exhibit a reduced neural response in reward-related brain structures involved in cost-benefit decision-making. Results: Compared with healthy controls, patients with MDD showed significantly weaker responses in the left caudate nucleus when contrasting the 'high reward'-'low reward' condition, and blunted responses in the left superior temporal gyrus and the right caudate nucleus when contrasting high and low probabilities. In addition, hard tasks chosen during high probability trials were negatively correlated with superior temporal gyrus activity in MDD patients, while the same choices were negatively correlated with caudate nucleus activity in healthy controls. Conclusions: These results indicate that reduced caudate nucleus and superior temporal gyrus activation may underpin abnormal cost-benefit decision-making in MDD. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
作者机构：
[Chan, Raymond C. K.; Yang, Xin-Hua; Wang, Jiao; Huang, Jia; Lui, Simon S. Y.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, Key Lab Mental Hlth, Neuropsychol & Appl Cognit Neurosci Lab, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Jiao] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Xin-Hua] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Business, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Cheung, Eric F. C.; Lui, Simon S. Y.] Castle Peak Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.;[Huang, Jia] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, 16 Lincui Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Huang, Jia] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, 16 Lincui Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Anhedonia is one of the core negative symptoms of schizophrenia that affect the ultimate outcome of this disorder. It is unclear whether the motivational or the hedonic component of anhedonia is impaired in patients with schizophrenia. This study examined the deficits in motivation and hedonic capacity in patients with schizophrenia using an Effort-based pleasure experience task (E-pet). Twenty-two schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms, 18 schizophrenia patients without prominent negative symptoms and 29 healthy controls participated in the present study. All of them were administered the E-pet task, which required the participants to make decisions on whether to choose a hard or easy task based on probability and reward magnitude. When making the grip effort allocation decision, schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms were significantly less likely to choose a hard task than healthy controls. As the reward magnitude and the estimated reward value increased, unlike healthy controls, schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms did not increase their hard task choices. They were also significantly less likely to choose a hard task than healthy controls in medium and high probability conditions. When anticipating potential rewards, these patients reported significantly less anticipatory pleasure than healthy controls, even when reward probability and magnitude increased. The pleasure experience rating after obtaining the actual reward was positively correlated with two pleasure experience scales in schizophrenia patients. In conclusion, patients with schizophrenia, especially those with prominent negative symptoms, showed deficits in both reward motivation and anticipatory pleasure experience. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
摘要：
This study aims to present an integrated process that can be used to produce biomedical and biological active components from the fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel. Through the Foss method, Aldehyde, acid compounds, acyl and alcohol compounds account for 22.7, 15.93, 0.24 and 61.13% of the extractives which were extracted from Camellia oleifera fruit shell by methanol solvents. Furfural, Pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde, 1-methyl- and 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural account for 4.74, 1.22 and 58.78% of the extractives which were extracted from the fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel by ethanol solvents. Aldehyde, acid and amine compounds account for 5.01, 56.18 and 7.20% of the extractives which were extracted from the fruit shell of Camellia oleifera Abel by ethyl acetate solvents. The extractives of fresh flesh of bayberry were rich in rare drug, biomedical and biological activities.
期刊：
Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016年15(10):2426-2436 ISSN：2095-3119
通讯作者：
Xiang Ping-an
作者机构：
[Yi Ting] Hunan Agr Univ, Biol Sci & Technol Coll, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Xiang Ping-an; Yi Ting] Key Lab Rural Ecosyst Hlth Dongting Lake Area Hun, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Xiang Ping-an] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Business, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiang Ping-an] Key Lab Rural Ecosyst Hlth Dongting Lake Area Hun, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Xiang Ping-an] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Business, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
paddy farming;emergy analysis;ecosystem services;Hunan Province
摘要：
The multi-functionality of paddy farming has become a hot issue recently. Paddy farming provides numerous ecosystem services that are crucial to human well-being. However, evaluation of the contribution of paddy farming to human well-being usually focus on its economic value, while its non-market services are usually ignored. Only evaluating the market profits or market relative benefits cannot reflect comprehensively the contribution of paddy farming to people's well-being. This will affect people's choices for or against paddy farming activities and people's opt for invest or not invest in it. A comprehensive evaluation of paddy farming can provide an important reference for the government and society to conserve the multi-functionality of paddy farming and achieve sustainable development. To this end, this paper reports a case evaluation of paddy farming in Hunan, the largest rice producing as well as rice yield province in China, and uses emergy theory to make a comprehensive evaluation for paddy farming. The emergy evaluation results of the paddy ecosystem in Hunan are as follows: in 2010, the input emergy of the paddy ecosystem in Hunan is 2.51E+22 sej and the output emergy is 6.31E+22 sej. For the input emergy, the part from natural resources is 1.96E+21 sej and the part from human society is 2.32E+22 sej; for the output emergy, the part from products is 2.22E+22 sej, the part from impositive externality is 4.16E+22 sej and the part from negative externality is –7.41E+20 sej. Taking the non-market outputs into consideration, the gains from the human economic society's 1 $ input in paddy farming, emergy sustainability index(ESI)and emergy profit rate are respectively 2.73 $, 3.53 and 151.31%. If the evaluation leave out the non-market output, the three indexes are only 0.96 $, 1.24 and 30.67%. The research results show that non-market services of paddy farming contribute significantly to human well-being. Therefore, in order to protect the multi-functionality of paddy farming and achieve the sustainable management, the government should take reasonable measures and make incentive plans.
摘要：
The integration of various renewable energy technologies and intermittent changes in power supply and demand is becoming increasingly possible through the smart grid system. Innovation in technologies and systems like smart meters, energy controls, and communication systems have been required for scale-up and industrialization of smart grids, whereas Chinese firms still have much room for improvement. This has stimulated questions about the role of open innovation intermediaries(OIIs), whose responsibility is to engage with different types of partners to acquire new ideas and resources from the external environment. With the help of Oils, Chinese firms in smart grid industry can achieve greatly to renewable energy development and energy conservation. The current study addresses this issue, trying to find the suitable Oils from different open innovation activities including outside-in, inside-out, and coupled processes in the power supply, grid, and electrical customer side of the smart grid industry in China. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
关键词：
Biofuel energy production;Sustainable development;Ecological environment;Social development;Economic growth
摘要：
Biomass is one of the renewable energy sources on which policy makers are greatly dependent on since it is a flexible feedstock capable of conversion into electricity, transport liquid fuels and heat by chemical and biological processes on demand. Though numerous publications have examined the relationship of economic growth with renewable energy and other parameters, biomass energy has never been included in these studies. Then, this study examines the causal relationship within a multivariate panel cointegration/error correction framework which combines the cross-section and time series data while allowing for heterogeneity across different provinces. After employing panel data regression model ranging from 2003 through 2012 to examine the relationships of biofuels production with sustainable development in China, the paper concludes that the development of biofuel energy production integrated with the consideration of the improvement of income per capita, and the attraction of more capital investment, does make a significant contribution to economic growth. However, some negative side effects including the increase of greenhouse emissions and the decrease of marginal land still coexist with the economic development. Of course, the importance of these findings lies on their implications and their adoption on strategic policies.
摘要：
To facilitate more convenient travel as the economy of Macau expands, the government of Macau has allowed casinos to add free shuttle buses (FSB) and drivers. In this paper, we optimise the operation cost of FSB based on the number of FSB and FSB's driver population in Macau. Firstly, we investigate the operational conditions of the FSB in each depot, including the transit time of FSB and the number of passengers. Then, we propose a series of integer programming models to optimise the population of FSB and FSB drivers. Finally, through a practical demonstration using Excel to solve the linear programming (LP) model, this paper concludes that the numbers of FSB and drivers have a reduction of 43.68% and 33.6%, respectively. It implies that the operation cost of FSB could be reduced by 270,900,000 HKD in purchasing of FSB and 38,678,400 HKD/year in employing drivers of FSB.
关键词：
Behaviour-based pricing (BBP);Organic food;Difference in consumption utility;Consumer share without preference difference
摘要：
Purpose The pursuit of healthy and high-quality organic food has gradually become a trend. However, some researchers do not believe that the quality of organic food is higher than general food. Consumers' changed preference for different quality food will also affect the sales strategy of food producer. The purpose of this paper is to consider behavior-based pricing (BBP) and decision-making problems between organic and general food enterprises, based on consumers' heterogeneity. Design/methodology/approach In this study, two different types of consumers are considered: consumers without preference difference and consumers with an organic food preference. This paper sets up two two-stage hoteling differential pricing models in the duopoly market, including organic and general food enterprises. Then, the optimal loyal price and poaching price of the two types of enterprises are solved, and the influence of each parameter on the pricing, market and profit of the two enterprises is analyzed. Findings This paper finds that, with the increase of the initial market share, the pricing strategies of organic food enterprises change from a loyal price lower than the poaching price to a loyal price higher than the poaching price, whereas the general food producer has the opposite pricing strategy. Furthermore, the difference in consumption utility between the two food types has a positive influence on the price of organic food, and a negative influence on the price of general food. In contrast, the consumer share without preference difference has a negative effect on organic food prices and a positive impact on the price of general food. Originality/value The contribution is constructive as no prior research has focused on the BBP and decision-making problems between organic and general food, and it considers the two types of consumers. Besides, the results also provide guidelines for choosing marketing strategies for organic and general food enterprises.
摘要：
Background Crop residues are an important raw material for bioenergy. There is, however, obvious seasonality in crop harvests, and thus, a continuous supply of crop residues and its respective influencing factors should be investigated. Methods In this paper, the impacts of geographical climatic conditions, characteristics of crops and the macroeconomic status exerted on the continuity of crop residue supply were analysed. Likewise, the effects of various factors on the supply of crop residues were examined. Results The results indicate that planting scale, crop diversity, climatic conditions, and topography have a significantly positive impact on a continuous crop residue supply, whereas the planting structure, temperature square term, energy pressure, and the economic development level have a significantly negative one. Finally, a regression-based decomposition method was used to measure the contribution rate of each variable onto the inequalities in the continuous supply of crop residues, which confirms that the impact of characteristics of crops on its continuous supply was the highest. The economic development level is the most important factor that affects the inequalities in the continuity of crop residue supply. Conclusions The above results were achieved by using different measurement methods, and based upon the findings obtained, this paper proposes policies and suggestions for ensuring sustainable and bioenergy-oriented crop cultivation.
关键词：
Coastal city;urban design;planning and design
摘要：
At present, coastal cities are changing toward information, intelligent, ecological, and other directions, which requires urban design with various complex factors. Through effective urban design, resources can be effectively allocated, balancing economic and environmental development, which is an important means of tourism development in coastal cities. The regional natural and cultural characteristics should be analyzed, because they are important factors in planning and design cases. At present, the functions of coastal cities will become more and more complex, requiring the construction of city characteristics, space humanization, and so on. Urban design is the overall design of the complex system of the city, which pays more attention to the framework creation and the guidance of urban development. Urban design is a multisolution process and a continuous basis system that will feed back dynamic urban governance, which is a professional category that comprehensively deals with system element relations, public value orientation, and high-quality urban environment concepts. The basic concept of urban design consists of mixed functions, land use, public transport, public vitality creation, and medium- and high-density urban texture, which has gradually become a consensus. This paper analyzes the key methods of urban design, which will be an important reference for the planning of coastal city tourist areas.
作者机构：
[Wang, Yi; Yang, Xin-hua; Chan, Raymond C. K.; Huang, Jia] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, Neuropsychol & Appl Cognit Neurosci Lab, Key Lab Mental Hlth, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Xin-hua; Zhu, Cui-ying] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Business, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Xie, Guang-rong] Cent S Univ, Natl Technol Inst Psychiat, Key Lab Psychiat & Mental Hlth Hunan Prov, Mental Hlth Inst,Xiangya Hosp 2, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Cheung, Eric F. C.] Castle Peak Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Xiao-qun] Cent S Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Chan, Raymond C. K.] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Psychol, 16 Lincui Rd, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Major depressive disorder;Cortical thickness;Caudate–cortical network;Anhedonia;Parietal gyrus
摘要：
Cerebral morphological abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD) may be modulated by antidepressant treatment and course of illness in chronic medicated patients. The present study examined cortical thickness in patients with untreated first-episode MDD to elucidate the early pathophysiology of this illness. Here, we examined cortical thickness in patients with first-episode MDD (N=27) and healthy controls (N=27) using an automated surface-based method (in FreeSurfer). By assessing the correlation between caudate volume and cortical thickness at each vertex on the cortical surface, a caudate-cortical network was obtained for each group. Subsequent analysis was performed to assess the effect of anhedonia by the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale. We observed increased cortical thickness at the right orbital frontal cortex and the left inferior parietal gyrus in MDD patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, morphometric correlational analysis using cortical thickness measurement revealed increased caudate-cortical connectivity in the bilateral superior parietal gyrus in MDD patients. All changes were not related to anhedonia. These preliminary findings may reflect disorder manifestation close to illness onset and may provide insight into the early neurobiology of MDD. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
摘要：
This paper selects China's renewable energy enterprises as a research sample and analyzes the impacts of equity balance and executive stock ownership on these companies' innovation efficiency from 2009 to 2018. The results show that equity balance has significant and positive impacts on innovation efficiency, while there is a significant nonlinear, inverted U-shaped relationship between the executive stock ownership and innovation efficiency. In addition, with changes in the shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder, equity balance and executive stock ownership are substitutive in terms of their impacts on innovation efficiency. Therefore, this paper proposes the following recommendations. The shareholding ratio of the largest shareholder should be controlled within a reasonable range to help force executives and outside blockholders to make decisions in the company's interests. When implementing an equity balance, companies should avoid shareholders' oversupervision of executives, which may restrict executives' enthusiasm for innovation investment. A moderate degree of freedom for management executives should be appropriate. Published under license by AIP Publishing.
