摘要：
SUMMARY Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, is the most devastating disease of rice and severely affects crop stability and sustainability worldwide. This disease has advanced to become one of the premier model fungal pathosystems for host—pathogen interactions because of the depth of comprehensive studies in both species using modern genetic, genomic, proteomic and bioinformatic approaches. Many fungal genes involved in pathogenicity and rice genes involved in effector recognition and defence responses have been identified over the past decade. Specifically, the cloning of a total of nine avirulence (Avr) genes in M. oryzae, 13 rice resistance (R) genes and two rice blast quantitative trait loci (QTLs) has provided new insights into the molecular basis of fungal and plant interactions. In this article, we consider the new findings on the structure and function of the recently cloned R and Avr genes, and provide perspectives for future research directions towards a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the rice–M. oryzae interaction.
作者机构：
[黄国华; 王星] Instimte of Entomology, College of Bio-safety Science arzd Technology, Hunan Agricultural University;[王敏] Department of Entomology, South China Agriculmral University
摘要：
Globalization has provided opportunities for parasites/pathogens to cross geographic boundaries and expand to new hosts. Recent studies showed that Nosema ceranae, originally considered a microsporidian parasite of Eastern honey bees, Apis cerana, is a disease agent of nosemosis in European honey bees, Apis mellifera, along with the resident species, Nosema apis. Further studies indicated that disease caused by N. ceranae in European honey bees is far more prevalent than that caused by N. apis. In order to gain more insight into the epidemiology of Nosema parasitism in honey bees, we conducted studies to investigate infection of Nosema in its original host, Eastern honey bees, using conventional PCR and duplex real time quantitative PCR methods. Our results showed that A. cerana was infected not only with N. ceranae as previously reported [Fries, I., Feng, F., Silva, A.D., Slemenda, S.B., Pieniazek, N.J., 1996. Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae), morphological and molecular characterization of a microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bee Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Eur. J. Protistol. 32, 356–365], but also with N. apis. Both microsporidia produced single and mixed infections. Overall and at each location alone, the prevalence of N. ceranae was higher than that of N. apis. In all cases of mixed infections, the number of N. ceranae gene copies (corresponding to the parasite load) significantly out numbered those of N. apis. Phylogenetic analysis based on a variable region of small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSUrRNA) showed four distinct clades of N. apis and five clades of N. ceranae and that geographical distance does not appear to influence the genetic diversity of Nosema populations. The results from this study demonstrated that duplex real-time qPCR assay developed in this study is a valuable tool for quantitative measurement of Nosema and can be used to monitor the progression of microsprodian infections of honey bees in a timely and cost efficient manner.
作者机构：
[李夕英; 谭济才; 宋东宝] College of Biosafety Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University
关键词：
膜翅目;茧蜂科;小腹茧蜂亚科;侧沟茧蜂属;新种;中国
摘要：
记述侧沟茧蜂1新种,即黄足侧沟茧蜂Microplitis vitellipedis,sp.nov.。该新种与长白山侧沟茧蜂Microplitis changbaishana Song et Chen相似,区别特征为黄足侧沟茧蜂：T1平行或近似于平行;触角的12th～15th节连接不紧密;后足基节浓黄色;体型正常。而长白山侧沟茧蜂：T1于基部处稍加宽;触角的12th～15th节连接紧密;后足基节黄褐色;体型粗胖。
通讯机构：
Institute of Forest Ecology Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environmen of State Forestry Administration, China
作者：
Huang, W. K.;Wan, F. H.*;Guo, J. Y.;Gao, B. D.;Xie, B. Y.;...
期刊：
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE,2009年89(1):119-126 ISSN：0008-4220
通讯作者：
Wan, F. H.
作者机构：
[Guo, J. Y.; Peng, D. L.; Huang, W. K.; Wan, F. H.] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, State Key Lab Biol Plant Dis & Insect Pests, Inst Plant Protect, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.;[Huang, W. K.; Gao, B. D.] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Biosafety Sci & Technol, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Xie, B. Y.] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Vegetables & Flowers, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Wan, F. H.] C;Chinese Acad Agr Sci, State Key Lab Biol Plant Dis & Insect Pests, Inst Plant Protect, Beijing 100193, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Amplified fragment length polymorphism;Diversity;Eupatorium adenophorum;Genetic variation;Invasive species;Population structure
摘要：
The Eupatorium adenophorum is one of the most widespread invasive alien species in China. In the present study, the genetic variation and population structure of this species were analyzed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Nine primer pairs were selected for the analysis and 685 bands were produced, among which 474 bands were polymorphic (PPB =69.2%). Diversity levels within populations were relatively high (mean expected heterozygosity =0.188, mean Shannon index = 0.296). Regression analysis showed a significant positive relationship between Shannon genetic diversity and altitude (R2 = 0.31). However, there was a negative correlation between Shannon genetic diversity and latitude (R2 =0.16), as well as between Shannon genetic diversity and longitude (R2=0.45). Cluster analysis grouped the majority of the weed populations into three main clusters that corresponded with the geographic regions. At the regional level, the AMOVA indicated that about 70% of the variations in the data set were from genotypic variations within populations, 13.3% of the variations were due to regional differences, and the remaining 16.6% were due to differences among populations within the provincial regions. The results imply that most individuals tested in the present study should have been produced through seeds, and the process of colonization resulted in progressive loss of genetic diversity from the southwest to the northeast of China.
