摘要：
Environmental stresses limit various stages of plant growth, including germination, seedling establishment, reproductive growth, yield and quality. Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a crucial oil crop in the world, yet salt and osmotic stresses cause significant losses in its production annually. This study aimed to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of response to salt and osmotic stresses in rapeseed, achieved by analyzing transcriptomes from rapeseed roots treated with salt and PEG (Polyethylene Glycol 6000). A total of 5251 (up/down: 2416/ 2835), 5169 (up/down: 2532/2637), and 7375 (up/down: 4014/3361) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in salt treatment 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h, respectively. A set of 2789 (up/down: 1142/1647), 6807 (up/ down: 2757/4050), and 2524 (up/down: 1258/1266) DEGs were identified in PEG treatment 3 h, 6 h, and 12 h, respectively. Among those DEGs, 1809 early regulated genes were found in both salt treatment 3 h and PEG treatment 3 h. There are 165 early expressed transcription factors in the 1809 DEGs. One bHLH transcription factor BnaFBH3-C06 (BnaC06g04380D/BnaC06G0054400ZS), a homologous gene of Arabidopsis AtFBH3/ AtbHLH122, was strongly induced by salt, osmotic, PEG, low temperature and ABA. Overexpression of BnaFBH3C06 resulted in early flowering and increased the salt tolerance in rapeseed, as evidenced by higher survival rate and chlorophyll content compared to the wild type (WT) under NaCl treatment. KEGG, GO, and PPI-network analysis showed that BnaFBH3-C06 associated with ABA signaling and stress-related genes in response to salt and osmotic stresses in rapeseed. These findings of this study provide insights into the response for abiotic stresses in rapeseed and offer an ideal candidate gene (BnaFBH3-C06) for molecular breeding of salt-tolerant and early-maturing rapeseed cultivars.
通讯机构：
[Jun Nie; Naimei Tu] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Longping Branch, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China<&wdkj&>Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Hunan Province, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China<&wdkj&>College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
摘要：
Cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a growing threat to rice production in acidic paddies. In south China, a common agricultural practice involves the combined utilization of Chinese milk vetch (M) and rice straw (R). However, it is unclear how the addition of lime to these amendments affects Cd bioavailability and accumulation in soil. Control (CK), chemical fertilizer (F), Chinese milk vetch + rice straw + chemical fertilizer (MRF), and Chinese milk vetch + rice straw + chemical fertilizer + lime (MRFL) treatments were applied to develop a kind of green, efficient, and practical amendment for acidic paddies. We conducted a microplot experiment to explore Cd immobilization in paddy soil and the Cd content in rice grains with these treatments. The results showed that compared with F, the rice Cd in the MRF and MRFL treatments were significantly decreased by 51.7% and 65.2% in early rice and 23.0% and 43.3% in late rice, respectively. Both the MRF and MRFL treatments significantly reduced soil available Cd and weak acid-extractable cadmium (Aci-Cd) concentrations and increased soil organic matter (SOM), exchangeable cation concentrations, and pH, which converted Cd into a stable form in soil. In addition, the MRF and MRFL treatments increased soil pH value by reducing soil exchangeable hydrogen ion concentration (E-H). Additionally, recombination of Cd forms was the primary factor in the reduction in available Cd concentration according to partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) analysis. The Cd concentration of rice grains was primarily associated with soil available Cd, soil pH value, and SOM. Overall, these results provide useful data and novel insights into reducing rice grain Cd in south China.
通讯机构：
[Yinbo Gan] Z;Zhejiang Key Lab of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
摘要：
Root hairs are required for water and nutrient acquisition in plants. Here, we report a novel mechanism that OsUGE1 is negatively controlled by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair elongation in rice. Root hairs are tubular outgrowths generated by the root epidermal cells. They effectively enlarge the soil-root contact area and play essential roles for nutrient and water absorption. Here, in this study, we demonstrated that the Oryza sativa UDP-glucose 4-epimerase 1-like (OsUGE1) negatively regulated root hair elongation and was directly targeted by Oryza sativa growth regulating factor 6 (OsGRF6). Knockout mutants of OsUGE1 using CRISPR-Cas9 technology showed longer root hairs than those of wild type. In contrast, overexpression lines of OsUGE1 displayed shorter root hair compared with those of wild type. GUS staining showed that it could specifically express in root hair. Subcellular localization analysis indicates that OsUGE1 is located in endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus and plasma membrane. More importantly, ChIP-qPCR, Yeast-one-hybrid and BiFC experiments revealed that OsGRF6 could bind to the promoter of OsUGE1. Furthermore, knockout mutants of OsGRF6 showed shorter root hair than those of wild type, and OsGRF6 dominantly expressed in root. In addition, the expression level of OsUGE1 is significantly downregulated in Osgrf6 mutant. Taken together, our study reveals a novel pathway that OsUGE1 is negatively controlled by OsGRF6 to regulate root hair elongation in rice.
摘要：
Phytophthora nicotianae causes substantial economic losses in most countries where tobacco is produced. At present, the control of P. nicotianae mainly depends on chemical methods, with considerable environmental and health issues. We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SBG) and Magnolia officinalis (MO). On mycelial growth, sporangium formation, and zoospore release of P. nicotianae. Both extracts inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae, with mycelial growth inhibition rates of 88.92% and 93.92%, respectively, at 40 mg/mL, and EC50 values of 5.39 and 5.74 mg/mL, respectively. The underlying mechanisms were the inhibition of sporangium formation, the reduction of zoospore number, and the destruction of the mycelium structure. At an SBG extract concentration of 16.17 mg/mL, the inhibition rates for sporangia and zoospores were 98.66% and 99.39%, respectively. At an MO extract concentration of 2.87 mg/mL, the production of sporangia and zoospores was completely inhibited. The hyphae treated with the two plant extracts showed different degrees of deformation and damage. Hyphae treated with SBG extract showed adhesion and local swelling, whereas treatment with MO extract resulted in broken hyphae. Mixture of the extracts resulted in a good synergistic effect.
摘要：
The input of agro-pollutants, such as microplastics and nanopesticides, on farmlands is widespread and may facilitate biological invasions in agroecosystems. Here, the effects of agro-pollutants that promote invasion of congener species is studied by examining the growth performance of native Sphagneticola calendulacea and its invasive congener, S. trilobata, when grown in a native only, invasive only and mixed community. Sphagneticola calendulacea naturally occurs in croplands in southern China, while S. trilobata was introduced to this region and has since naturalized, encroaching onto farmland. In our study, each plant community was subjected to the following treatments: control, microplastics only, nanopesticides only, and both microplastics and nanopesticides. The effects of the treatments on soils of each plant community were also examined. We found that aboveground, belowground, and photosynthetic traits of S. calendulacea were significantly inhibited by the combined microplastics and nanopesticides treatment in the native and mixed communities. The relative advantage index of S. trilobata was 69.90% and 74.73% higher under the microplastics only and nanopesticides only treatments respectively compared to S. calendulacea. Soil microbial biomass, enzyme activity, gas emission rates, and chemicals in each community were reduced when treated with both microplastics and nanopesticides. Yet, soil microbial biomass of carbon and nitrogen, CO(2) emission rates and nitrous oxide rates were significantly higher (56.08%, 58.33%, 36.84% and 49.95% respectively) in the invasive species community than in the native species community under microplastics and nanopesticides. Our results suggest that the addition of agro-pollutants to soils favors the more resistant S. trilobata and suppresses the less tolerant S. calendulacea. Soil properties from the native species community are also more impacted by agro-pollutants than substrates supporting the invasive species. Future studies should explore the effects of agro-pollutants by comparing other invasive and native species and considering human activities, industry, and the soil environment.
摘要：
Drought stress is an inevitable factor that disturbs the production of plants by altering morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular functions. Breeding for drought tolerance requires a complete understanding of the molecular factors controlling stress-responsive pathways. The plant responds to drought stress by adopting four mechanisms: avoidance, escape, tolerance, and recovery. Traditional plant-breeding tools have been employed to increase tolerance in cotton, but the complexity of drought tolerance has limited the use of these breeding methods. The plant adopts several key strategies against drought stress, such as activating the signaling network and activating molecular factors. Cotton breeders have been engaged in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in cotton using significant molecular tools such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, transcription factor (TFs) analysis, transcriptome analysis, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), genetic engineering, and CRISPR/Cas9. Breeders have studied the functional description of genes and the interacting pathways accountable for controlling drought tolerance in cotton. Hundreds of genes/QTL have been identified, and many have been cloned for drought tolerance in cotton; however, a complete understanding of these traits still needs more study. This review presents a detailed overview of molecular tools, their application for improving drought tolerance in cotton, and their prospects. This review will help future researchers to conduct further studies to develop drought-tolerant cotton genotypes that can thrive under conditions of water scarcity.
摘要：
Salinity stress is a serious abiotic stress that negatively affect the crop growth and development. Mineral nutrient supplementation is considered as an effective strategy to mitigate the adverse effects of salinity. Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient needed for plants and its application also an effective strategy to mitigate adverse impacts of salinity. Salinity stress disturbs plant physiological, and biochemical functions, antioxidant activities, cellular membranes, antioxidant activities and nutrient uptake thereby cause significant reduction in plant growth and development. The application of N maintains membrane stability, plant water relations, leaf gas exchange characteristics, and protect the plants from oxidative damages which induce the salt tolerance in plants. Besides, this N also improves nutrient uptake and it also induce cellular signaling that mitigate the adverse impacts of salinity. Therefore, it is interesting to understand the role of N in inducing salt tolerance in plants. In present review the mechanisms of N uptake and assimilation in plants under saline conditions are discussed. The present review provides information on how N mitigates ionic toxicity, and oxidative damages and maintains nutrient balance to counter the toxic effects of salinity stress in plants. This review will help the readers to learning more about the role of N in inducing salt tolerance in plants.
通讯机构：
[Chunyun Guan; Mei Guan] N;National Oil Crops Improvement Center in Hunan, Department of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
关键词：
Brassica napus;petal color;transcriptome sequencing;ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS)
摘要：
The color of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) petal is usually yellow but can be milky-white to orange or pink. Thus, the petal color is a popular target in rapeseed breeding programs. In his study, metabolites and RNA were extracted from the yellow (Y), yellow/purple (YP), light purple (LP), and purple (P) rapeseed petals. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), RNA-Seq, and quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR) analyses were performed to analyze the expression correlation of differential metabolites and differential genes. A total of 223 metabolites were identified in the petals of the three purple and yellow rapeseed varieties by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 20511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between P, LP, YP, versus Y plant petals were detected. This study focused on the co-regulation of 4898 differential genes in the three comparison groups. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) functional annotation and quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of BnaA10g23330D (BnF3'H) affects the synthesis of downstream peonidin and delphinidin and is a key gene regulating the purple color of petals in B. napus. L. The gene may play a key role in regulating rapeseed flower color; however, further studies are needed to verify this. These results deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying petal color and provide the theoretical and practical basis for flower breeding targeting petal color.
摘要：
The food and water security are the most critical issues across the globe owing to the continuous growing population. The agriculture sector is a largest consumer of fresh water and unwise use of water and poor irrigation systems are leading to rapid depletion of freshwater sources. Recently precision agriculture has emerged as an effective tool to improve the crop productivity while saving irrigation water. Agriculture is a complex system owing to different soil and climatic conditions, crops and topography and its interconnections with scarcity and availability of water. Thus, it is mandatory to understand these variables as well as spatial and temporal behavior which is essential to support precision agriculture through the implementation of optimum use of irrigation water. Different cost and time effective methods have been developed to optimize the crop productivity' without affecting the quality as well as quantity of different resources. Recently, remote sensing (RS) has emerged as an excellent tool to improve the crop productivity while saving the irrigation water. The application of remote sensing provides the information about the areas of interest from regional to farm scales while geophysics can investigate the sub-surface soil which can help to save the irrigation with improving crop productivity. Therefore, in present review we highlighted the role of remote sensing, geophysics and crop modelling in improving irrigation management to get maximum productivity while saving water.
作者：
Su, Zhaohong;Hu, Shiyu;Zhang, Yuhang;Liang, Zhanning;Peng, Yi;...
期刊：
ANALYST,2023年149(1):188-195 ISSN：0003-2654
通讯作者：
Zhu, Zhiyang;He, Pei;Li, ZJ
作者机构：
[Su, Zhaohong; Li, Zhenjie; Zhu, Zhiyang; He, Pei; He, P; Li, ZJ] China Tobacco Yunnan Ind Co Ltd, Yunnan Key Lab Tobacco Chem, R&D Ctr, Kunming 650231, Peoples R China.;[Liang, Zhanning; Su, Zhaohong; Yu, Xia; Hu, Shiyu; Zhang, Yuhang; Peng, Yi; Cao, Qinyi] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Chem & Mat Sci, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhu, ZY; He, P; Li, ZJ ] C;China Tobacco Yunnan Ind Co Ltd, Yunnan Key Lab Tobacco Chem, R&D Ctr, Kunming 650231, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Herein, the electrodeposition of paracetamol oxide (PA ox) for the intelligent portable ratiometric detection of nicotine (NIC) and ethyl vanillin β-D-glucoside (EVG) is reported. PA ox electrodeposited on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was used as a new fixed state ratiometric reference probe. A portable electrochemical workstation combined with a smart phone was applied as an intelligent portable electrochemical sensing platform. The sensor was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-vis), theoretical calculation, chronoamperometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimized conditions, the detection range of NIC is 10-200 μmol L(-1), and the detection limit is 0.256 μmol L(-1). The detection range of EVG was 10-180 μmol L(-1), and the detection limit was 0.058 μmol L(-1). The sensor can realize the real-time detection of NIC and EVG concentration in cigarette samples quickly and accurately, and has good anti-interference, repeatability and stability.
摘要：
Paddy fields are a major emission source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) [for instance, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2)] among agricultural fields. Biochar has been deemed a potential candidate for the reduction of GHGs in paddy fields. However, there is no consistent conclusion that biochar can simultaneously reduce emissions of CH4, N2O, and CO2. Herein, we proposed the FeN3-doped biochar (FG) as an excellent material for GHGs restriction in paddy fields via the first-principles calculation. The computation results indicatedthat the FG exhibited satisfactory adsorption ability for CH4, CO2, and N2O, which improved the adsorption energies to −1.37, −1.54, and −2.91eV, respectively. Moreover, the density of state (DOS) analyses revealed that the factor responsible for FeN3-doped biochar to exhibit excellent adsorption ability was the occurrence of drastic energy up- or down-shift of the electron for Fe d, C p, O p, or N p orbital upon adsorption of CH4, CO2, or N2O. Our study suggested an advanced modified biochar material for reducing the GHGs emissions in paddy fields, in addition to exploring the adsorption properties and mechanisms of FeN3-doped biochar for GHGs mitigation, which provided a strategy to explore biochar modification and efficient emission reduction materials.
• FeN3-doped biochar was first proposed for GHGs mitigation in paddy fields. • FeN3-doped biochar exhibited excellent GHGs adsorption ability. • FeN3-doped biochar improved physico-chemical adsorption ability for GHGs.
通讯机构：
[Lixi Jiang] I;Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
摘要：
We found that the flowering time order of accessions in a genetic population considerably varied across environments, and homolog copies of essential flowering time genes played different roles in different locations. Flowering time plays a critical role in determining the life cycle length, yield, and quality of a crop. However, the allelic polymorphism of flowering time-related genes (FTRGs) in Brassica napus, an important oil crop, remains unclear. Here, we provide high-resolution graphics of FTRGs in B. napus on a pangenome-wide scale based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and structural variation (SV) analyses. A total of 1337 FTRGs in B. napus were identified by aligning their coding sequences with Arabidopsis orthologs. Overall, 46.07% of FTRGs were core genes and 53.93% were variable genes. Moreover, 1.94%, 0.74%, and 4.49% FTRGs had significant presence-frequency differences (PFDs) between the spring and semi-winter, spring and winter, and winter and semi-winter ecotypes, respectively. SNPs and SVs across 1626 accessions of 39 FTRGs underlying numerous published qualitative trait loci were analyzed. Additionally, to identify FTRGs specific to an eco-condition, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) based on SNP, presence/absence variation (PAV), and SV were performed after growing and observing the flowering time order (FTO) of plants in a collection of 292 accessions at three locations in two successive years. It was discovered that the FTO of plants in a genetic population changed a lot across various environments, and homolog copies of some key FTRGs played different roles in different locations. This study revealed the molecular basis of the genotype-by-environment (G × E) effect on flowering and recommended a pool of candidate genes specific to locations for breeding selection.
关键词：
Rice;Heterosis;Male sterility;Mechanism;Multiplication system
摘要：
Male sterility plays an important role in the utilization of heterosis in rice. The establishment of male sterile lines in rice is one of the key technologies in hybrid rice production systems. The currently widely used male sterile line breeding systems mainly include: three-line hybrid rice based on cytoplasmic male sterility, two-line hybrid rice based on environmental sensitive gene male sterility, and third-generation hybrid rice based on nuclear gene male sterility Seed production system. This study reviewed the types and mechanisms of male sterility in rice, and looked forward to the development direction of hybrid rice.
摘要：
Mung bean (Vigna radiata) is the rich source of fiber and essential nutrients. They play a vital role in sustainable agriculture due to their ability to fix nitrogen in the soil and enhance soil fertility. Drought is characterized by limited water resources and severe arid climatic conditions, notably impair crop growth and yield. In the current experiment, two genotypes, Azri-M 2006 and NM-92, were studied against drought stress that was applied as 2 days and 4 days irrigation gap per week. Foliar application of magnesium-silicate (20 ppm and 30 ppm concentrations) and Moringa leaf extract (30% v/v solution) was applied as treatments. The results from the experiment morphology anatomical and yield components were recorded according to the prescribed methods. The result revealed that drought stress reduced the growth of plant. Foliar application of 30 ppm silicon against drought stress showed a highly significant (p<0.001) result compared with control group.Morphology parameters, including shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, root dry weight, leaf area, leaf number, the anatomical structure included (stem epidermis, cortex, and stem vascular bundles,) and also yield components (pod length, and seed numbers). In contrast, MLE (30%) showed a significant impact (p<0.01) on leaf lamina thickness (Leaf anatomical parameters; midrib xylem and phloem, number of stomata on the adaxial and abaxial surface) and yield components included (100-grain weight, grains weight per plant, and numbers of pods,). The overall impact of 30 ppm Si was 39.9% more positive on Azri-M2006 than the NM-92 against the drought stress. The 30-ppm silicon and 30% MLE showed 90% similar results in all studied parameters. This study confirms that 30% MLE could be recommended to farmers to improve productivity under arid conditions than the silicon.
摘要：
World-wide, rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food source, and its production is often adversely affected by salinity. Therefore, to ensure stable rice yields for global food security, it is necessary to understand the salt tolerance mechanism of rice. The present study focused on the expression pattern of the rice mismatch repair gene post-meiotic segregation 1 (OsPMS1), studied the physiological properties and performed transcriptome analysis of ospms1 mutant seedlings in response to salt stress. Under normal conditions, the wild-type and ospms1 mutant seedlings showed no significant differences in growth and physiological indexes. However, after exposure to salt stress, compared with wild-type seedlings, the ospms1 mutant seedlings exhibited increased relative water content, relative chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, K(+) and abscisic acid (ABA) content, and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Na(+) content, and Na(+)/K(+) ratio, as well as decreased superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) accumulation. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of ospms1 mutant seedlings treated with 0 mM and 150 mM NaCl showed significant enrichment in biological and cytological processes, such as peroxidase activity and ribosomes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) metabolic pathway analysis showed that the DEGs specifically enriched ascorbate and aldarate metabolism, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism pathways. Further quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed significant changes in the transcription levels of genes related to abscisic acid signaling (OsbZIP23, OsSAPK6, OsNCED4, OsbZIP66), reactive oxygen scavenging (OsTZF1, OsDHAR1, SIT1), ion transport (OsHAK5), and osmoregulation (OsLEA3-2). Thus, the study's findings suggest that the ospms1 mutant tolerates salt stress at the seedling stage by inhibiting the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, maintaining Na(+) and K(+) homeostasis, and promoting ABA biosynthesis.
通讯机构：
[Luo, HB ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Maize Engn Technol Res Ctr Hunan Prov, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
maize;visual stay-green;BSA;RNA-seq;genes
摘要：
Maize has become one of the most widely grown grains in the world, and the stay-green mutant allows these plants to maintain their green leaves and photosynthetic potential for longer following anthesis than in non-mutated plants. As a result, stay-green plants have a higher production rate than non-stay-green varieties due to their prolonged grain-filling period. In this study, the candidate genes related to the visual stay-green at the maturation stage of maize were investigated. The F2 population was derived from the T01 (stay-green) and the Xin3 (non-stay-green) cross. Two bulked segregant analysis pools were constructed. According to the method of combining ED (Euclidean distance), Ridit (relative to an identified distribution unit), SmoothG, and SNP algorithms, a region containing 778 genes on chromosome 9 was recognized as the candidate region associated with the visual stay-green in maize. A total of eight modules were identified using WGCNA (weighted correlation network analysis), of which green, brown, pink, and salmon modules were significantly correlated with visual stay-green. BSA, combined with the annotation function, discovered 7 potential candidate genes, while WGCNA discovered 11 stay-green potential candidate genes. The candidate range was further reduced due through association analysis of BSA-seq and RNA-seq. We identified Zm00001eb378880, Zm00001eb383680, and Zm00001eb384100 to be the most likely candidate genes. Our results provide valuable insights into this new germplasm resource with reference to increasing the yield for maize.
摘要：
This article deals with the changes of germination index and physiological index under six single salts calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) magnesium chloride (MgCl2), sodium bi-carbonate (Na2CO3). The single salt has a concentration gradient ranging from 25-150 mmol L-1 and the material for the experiment is alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The result of the experiment showed that with the rise of the concentration, the germination rate, germination vigor, germination index and vitality index declines (P<0.01). Also, the length of the embryo, radicle and the weight of biomass declines extremely prominently (P<0.01). The proline accumulation amount increases significantly under salt stress (P <0.01). Alfalfa seeds have different tolerances to the six single salts. The order of tolerance to positive ions is Mg2+>Ca2+>Na+. The order of tolerance to negative ions is Cl->SO42->HCO3->CO32-. The study also shows alkaline salt is more harmful than saline neutral salt. The result provides a reference framework for planting alfalfa according to the types of saline soil and the levels of concentration.
