摘要：
Background: Tea is a globally significant agricultural product, renowned for its economic and cultural value. The process of tea cultivation and production involves tea plantation management, disease control, harvesting, processing, sorting and safety and quality assessment. The quality of tea can be affected by many factors, involving variety, environment, picking and processing. Nevertheless, quality assessment of tea often relies on manual experience and specialized knowledge, which is accompanied by subjectivity and inconsistency. Furthermore, the tea production process also faces several challenges, such as pest and disease prediction and detection, supply chain monitoring and traceability. Scope and approach: This review introduces intelligent technologies applied in tea industry, including computer vision, machine learning, spectroscopic techniques, artificial sensors, big data, internet of things, and blockchain. We summarize the progress of the application of intelligent technologies in tea industry, analyze the existing challenges and gaps, and suggest future research trends. The review is expected to provide novel insights into the application of intelligent technologies in tea industry to build a transparent, traceable, and sustainable tea industry chain. Key findings and conclusions: Intelligent technologies have a broad application prospect in tea industry to improve product quality, efficiency, transparency, and traceability. Particularly, combination of intelligent technologies may result in better performance. Open datasets are necessary for storage of huge amount of information. Standardization of intelligent technologies establishes a solid foundation for development of sustainable tea industry. Furthermore, transition to portable devices is the most responsive direction to tea market demands.
摘要：
BACKGROUND: Heat stress (HS) damages the intestines, disrupting gut microbiota and immune balance. L-Theanine (LTA), found in tea, alleviates oxidative stress and cell apoptosis under HS; however, its effects on gut microbiota and immunity under HS remain unclear. To investigate this, we administered LTA doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg center dot kg(-1)center dot d(-1) to C57BL/6J mice. On day 44, the model group and LTA intervention group were subjected to continuous 7-day HS treatment for 2 h per day. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that LTA intervention improved food intake, body weight, and intestinal epithelium, and reduced the water intake of heat-stressed mice. It increased the abundance of Turicibacter, Faecalibaculum, Bifidobacterium, and norank_f_Muribaculaceae, while reducing that of Lachnoclostridium and Desulfovibrio. LTA intervention also increased the concentrations of amino acid and lipid metabolites, regulated macrophage differentiation stimulated by gut microbiota and metabolites, reduced the antigen presentation by macrophages to the specific immune system, promoted B-cell differentiation and sIgA secretion, inhibited pro-inflammatory factors, and enhanced intestinal defense. Mechanistically, LTA downregulated heat shock protein 70 expression and the TLR4/NF-kappa B/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, restoring gut microbiota and immune balance. CONCLUSION: We suggest that LTA can alleviate HS by modulating gut microbiota, metabolites, and immunity, indicating its potential as a natural active ingredient for anti-HS food products. (c) 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
作者机构：
[Sun, Xiaowu; Chen, Zhongquan; Song, Huijuan; Jiang, Hong; Yang, Hongbo; Yan, Jiali; Dai, Sihui] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Hort, Key Lab Vegetable Biol Hunan Prov, Engn Res Ctr Germplasm Innovat & New Varieties Bre, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Hongbo] Shaoyang Acad Agr Sci, Shaoyang 422000, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Longjun] Hunan Xuefeng Seed Ind Co Ltd, Shaoyang 422001, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Sun, XW ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Hort, Key Lab Vegetable Biol Hunan Prov, Engn Res Ctr Germplasm Innovat & New Varieties Bre, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
de novo organogenesis;regeneration system;histological analysis;winter squash
摘要：
Improving plant regeneration ability and shortening regeneration time can promote the development of genetic transformation breeding technology for horticultural crops. We optimized several culture conditions, including explant type, mother plant genotype, and medium, to improve shoot formation in winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.). Histological analysis of the occurrence of shoots was also carried out. The results indicate that cotyledon was the most suitable explant for inducing the shoot regeneration of winter squash. We found that 'Jin-li' had a shorter shoot induction time and a higher average number of shoots. The highest induction rate of 95.23% among the five lines. The average shoot induction rate of five lines was the highest (84.85%) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and 0.2 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). We also found that there was an interaction between genotypes and induction media, and their interaction had a greater impact on the shoot induction rate than individual effects. Histological observation revealed that the induced shoots of winter squash cotyledons originated from subepidermal cells. We also found that the optimal medium for de novo root regeneration was 1/2 MS. We acclimatized and cultivated regenerated plants and harvested their fruits, which maintained the characteristics of mother plants. These findings lay an important foundation for further research on direct shoot regeneration and accelerate its application in winter squash genetic transformation.
通讯机构：
[Wu, T ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Whampoa Innovat Res Inst, Coll Hort, Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Minist Agr & Rural Affairs China, Key Lab Evaluat & Utilizat Gene Resources Hort Cro, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
摘要：
The fruit neck is an important agronomic trait of cucumber (Cucumis sativus). However, the underlying genes and regulatory mechanisms involved in fruit neck development are poorly understood. We previously identified a cucumber yellow-green peel (ygp) mutant, whose causal gene is MYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 36 (CsMYB36). This study showed that the ygp mutant exhibited a shortened fruit neck and repressed cell expansion in the fruit neck. Further functional analysis showed that CsMYB36 was also a target gene, and its expression was enriched in the fruit neck. Overexpression of CsMYB36 in the ygp mutant rescued shortened fruit necks. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assays revealed that CsMYB36 positively regulates the expression of an expansin-like A3 (CsEXLA3) in the fruit neck, which is essential for cell expansion. Yeast 1-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays revealed that CsMYB36 regulates fruit neck elongation by directly binding to the promoter of CsEXLA3. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that CsMYB36 is an important gene in the regulation of fruit neck length in cucumber plants. A MYB transcription factor regulates cucumber fruit neck elongation by directly binding to the promoter of an expansin-like A3 gene.
摘要：
Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting plant color, and different temperatures have distinct effects on plant leaf color changes. In order to explore the effects of different temperatures on plant color, we measured the physiological characteristics, transcriptome, and metabolome of the pepper leaf yellowing mutant yl1 and its wild type 6421 under different temperature conditions. Results showed that high temperature treatment compared with the normal temperature treatment significantly increased the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in yl1. At the same time, a total of 28 carotenoid pathway metabolites were detected under three temperature conditions. Among them, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein, and antheraxanthin were higher in pepper leaves. The expression levels of ZEP, bHLH104, MYB1R1, and MYB1R1-like were significantly increased under high temperature compared with under normal temperature, while the expression level of crtZ-2 and VDE were significantly decreased. Co-expression network analysis showed that VDE was positively correlated with the bHLH71-like and negatively correlated with MYB1R1-like and bHLH104. These results led to significant differences in the amount of zeaxanthin and antheraxanthin accumulated at different temperatures, which may be the reason for the color change of pepper leaves. However, under the normal and low temperature treatment, it is the opposite, resulting in leaf yellowing. This study provides a reference for further research on the mechanism underlying the impact of temperature on carotenoid metabolism in pepper leaves.
关键词：
Chili pepper;Continuous photoperiod;Anthocyanin biosynthesis;Blue light
摘要：
Different metabolic compounds give pepper leaves and fruits their diverse colors. Anthocyanin accumulation is the main cause of the purple color of pepper leaves. The light environment is a critical factor affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis. It is essential that we understand how to use light to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. Pepper leaves were significantly blue–purple only in continuous blue light or white light (with a blue light component) irradiation treatments, and the anthocyanin content of pepper leaves increased significantly after continuous blue light irradiation. This green-to-purple phenotype change in pepper leaves was due to the expression of different genes. We found that the anthocyanin synthesis precursor-related genes PAL and 4CL, as well as the structural genes F3H, DFR, ANS, BZ1, and F3’5’H in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, had high expression under continuous blue light irradiation. Similarly, the expression of transcription factors MYB1R1-like, MYB48, MYB4-like isoform X1, bHLH143-like, and bHLH92-like isoform X3, and circadian rhythm-related genes LHY and COP1, were significantly increased after continuous blue light irradiation. A correlation network analysis revealed that these transcription factors and circadian rhythm-related genes were positively correlated with structural genes in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway. Metabolomic analysis showed that delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside were significantly higher under continuous blue light irradiation relative to other light treatments. We selected 12 genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in pepper leaves for qRT-PCR analysis, and the accuracy of the RNA-seq results was confirmed. In this study, we found that blue light and 24-hour irradiation together induced the expression of key genes and the accumulation of metabolites in the anthocyanin synthesis pathway, thus promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis in pepper leaves. These results provide a basis for future study of the mechanisms of light quality and photoperiod in anthocyanin synthesis and metabolism, and our study may serve as a valuable reference for screening light ratios that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants.
通讯机构：
[Wang, JW; Huang, K ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Hort, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Minist Educ, Engn Res Ctr Hort Crop Germplasm Creat & New Varie, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Key Lab Vegetable Biol Hunan Prov, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Minist Agr & Rural Affairs China, Key Lab Evaluat & Utilizat Gene Resources Hort Cro, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Brassica oleracea var. italica;Myrosinase;BoMY;Sulforaphane;Selenite treatment
摘要：
Sulforaphane, a naturally specialized metabolite, plays significant roles in human disease prevention and plant defense. Myrosinase (MY) is a key gene responsible for the catalysis of sulforaphane formation, but the molecular mechanisms through which MY regulates sulforaphane biosynthesis in plants remains largely unknown. Here, we discovered that the change of sulforaphane content in broccoli sprouts caused by exogenous selenite treatments is positively related to BoMY expression. BoMY overexpression in the Arabidopsis thaliana tgg1 mutants could dramatically increase myrosinase activity and sulforaphane content in the rosette leaves of 35S::BoMY/tgg1 and rescue its phenotypes. Moreover, an obvious increase of myrosinase activity and sulforaphane content was displayed in transgenic BoMY-overexpressed broccoli lines. In addition, a 2 033 bp promoter fragment of BoMY was isolated. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) library screening experiment uncovered that one bHLH transcription factor, BoFAMA, could directly bind to BoMY promoter to activate its expression, which was further evidenced by Y1H assay and dual-luciferase reporter assay. BoFAMA is a selenite-responsive transcription factor that is highly expressed in broccoli leaves; its protein is solely localized to nucleus. Additionally, genetic evidence suggested that the knockdown of FAMA gene in Arabidopsis thaliana could signifi- cantly decrease sulforaphane yield by inhibiting the expression of myrosinase genes. Interestingly, exogenous selenite supply could partially restore the low level of sulforaphane content in transgenic Arabidopsis FAMA-silencing plants. Our findings uncover a novel function of FAMAMY module in the regulation of selenite-mediated sulforaphane synthesis and provide a new insights into the molecular mechanism by which selenite regulates the accumulation of sulforaphane in plants.
通讯机构：
[Yan, LH; Li, YL ; Yan, LH ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Hort, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Hunan Bot Garden, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Hunan Midsubtrop Qual Plant Breeding & Utilizat En, Changsha 410005, Peoples R China.;Minist Educ, Engn Res Ctr Hort Crop Germplasm Creat & New Varie, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
salt stress;Machilus faberi Hemsl;adaptability;plant growth response;physiological indicators;biochemical indicators
摘要：
Adversity stress is the main environmental factor limiting plant growth and development, including salt and other stress factors. This study delves into the adaptability and salt tolerance mechanisms of Machilus faberi Hemsl, a species with potential for cultivation in salinized areas. We subjected the plants to various salt concentrations to observe their growth responses and to assess key physiological and biochemical indicators. The results revealed that under high salt concentrations (500 and 700 mmol(-1)/L), symptoms such as leaf yellowing, wilting, and eventual death were observed. Notably, plant height and shoot growth ceased on the 14th day of exposure. Chlorophyll content (a, b, total a + b, and the a/b ratio) initially increased but subsequently decreased under varying levels of salt stress. Similarly, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, leaf water content, and root activity significantly declined under these conditions. Moreover, we observed an increase in malondialdehyde levels and relative conductivity, indicative of cellular damage and stress. The activity of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase initially increased and then diminished with prolonged stress, whereas peroxidase activity consistently increased. Levels of proline and soluble protein exhibited an upward trend, contrasting with the fluctuating pattern of soluble sugars, which decreased initially but increased subsequently. In conclusion, M. faberi exhibits a degree of tolerance to salt stress, albeit with growth limitations when concentrations exceed 300 mmol(-1)/L. These results shed light on the plant's mechanisms of responding to salt stress and provide a theoretical foundation for its cultivation and application in salt-affected regions.
摘要：
Ampelopsis grossedentata, commonly known as "Vine Tea" and well-recognized for its rich flavonoid content, is mainly distributed in the southern regions of the Yangtze River basin in China. These regions include Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, and Guizhou provinces. Vine Tea is mainly consumed as an herbal tea and has garnered attention for its reported health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, and neuroprotective properties. It has been used to alleviate coughs and sore throats (Zhang et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2009). In the Zhangjiajie region of Hunan province alone, the Vine Tea planting area reached 7,670.5 hectares and produced commercial goods worth 1.417 billion RMB in 2022. In May 2021, leaf margins and veins fading to yellowing mottling, and crumpling of leaf blades in the shape of a boat symptoms were found in ~16% of Vine Tea plants in the Sanjiakuan Township, Yongding District, Zhangjiajie region (29°15'E, 110°30' N) (Figure 1a, b, c). (Figure 1a, b, c). Phytoplasma-like microbial cells (small oval shaped bacterial cells, around 1000 nm in size) were observed in sieve tube cells in the phloem of diseased leaves using transmission electron microscopy. No such cell was observed in the phloem of healthy leaves (Figure 2a, b). To investigate the potential association between phytoplasma and the observed symptoms of the diseased plants, total DNA was isolated from ten diseasedeaves and compared with ten healthy leaves from the same field using SteadyPure Plant Genomic DNA Extraction Kit. The isolated DNAs were analyzed first in a direct PCR using universal phytoplasma primer pair R16mF2/R16mR1 targeting the 16S rRNA gene (Gundersen and Lee 1996) and specific pair rpF1/rpR1 (Lee et al. 1998) targeting the DNA fragment encoding partial ribosomal proteins (rp) L22 (complete) and S3 and S19 (partial). The initial amplified products were used as templates and further amplified by nested PCR respectively with primer pair R16F2n/R16R2 for the 16S rRNA gene (Lee et al. 1998) and the rpF2/rpR2 primer pair for the rp gene (Martini et al. 2007). No amplification was obtained with DNA from healthy leaf samples using any of the four primer pairs. The amplified fragments from diseased leaves by nested PCR were cloned and sequenced (Qingke Biotech, China). The obtained sequences have been deposited in GenBank with accession numbers OR282806 for the 16S rRNA gene and GenBank OR353012 for the rp gene. BLASTn analysis revealed that the partial 16S rRNA gene sequence in our sample shared 99.4% nucleotide sequence identity with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma sp.' (MW364378) and 'Peony yellows phytoplasma' (KY814723) of the 16SrI group. Similarly, our rp gene sequence shared 99.6% nucleotide identity with the rpI group of phytoplasma such as the 'Balsamine virescence phytoplasma' (JN572890) and 'Paulownia witches'-broom phytoplasma' (HM146079). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA and rp sequences using MEGA version 7.0 revealed that the phytoplasma strain associated with A. grossedentata yellow leaf syndrome in our study site belonged to the 16SrI (Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris) group of phytoplasma (Figure 3a, b). Using the interactive online phytoplasma classification tool iPhyClassifier (Zhao et al., 2009), virtual restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed our strain having a distinct RFLP map but was closest to that of the onion yellow phytoplasma 16SrI-B subgroup (GenBank accession number: AP006628), with a similarity coefficient of 0.94 (Figure 4a, b). To confirm phytoplasma transmission, healthy plants were inoculated with three scions of infected plants of A. grossedentata. After 16 days, the new leaves of the inoculated A. grossedentata showed yellow leaf symptoms (Figure 5a, b, c), akin to the symptoms originally observed in the field, and the outer contour of the leaf margin appeared chlorotic. After 26 days, primer pairs R16mF2/R16R1 and R16F2n/R16R2 were used for nested PCR detection of phytoplasma in symptomatic A. grossedentata leaves. Phytoplasma was detected in the first and second leaves of symptomatic branches and leaves while negative control showed no amplification. Sequencing of the amplified fragments showed 100% nucleotide identity to the strain from the grafting source. Our results indicated that the pathogen and the disease can be transmitted by tissue grafting, consistent with the biological characteristics of phytoplasma, and further confirmed that the phytoplasma was the pathogen of yellow leaf syndrome of A. grossedentata. Toour knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasma of group 16SrI affecting A. grossedentata.
摘要：
Background: Selenium is an essential trace element for human health and its deficiency leads to increased risk of many diseases worldwide. Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is a plant with selenium accumulation ability. Selenium-enriched tea combines the flavor and health benefits of tea with the additional wellness advantages of selenium, holding promising market potential. Scope and approach: This article reviews the latest research advances on selenium-enriched tea. The ability and mechanism of selenium accumulation in tea plants, as well as the existence forms of selenium in tea leaves, have been summarized. In addition, we examined the effects of selenium on tea physiological activities, including metabolic and quality regulation, and provided a summary of the associated health benefits. Key findings and conclusions: Tea plants possess a strong ability to accumulate selenium in selenium-rich area or under selenium fertilizer application. Over 80% of the selenium in selenium-enriched tea leaves exists in organic forms, including selenoamino acids, selenoproteins, selenium-polysaccharides, and selenium-polyphenols. Selenium can promote tea growth and optimize the proportion of quality compounds (e.g., polyphenols, amino acids, and alkaloids). The levels of stress-related antioxidant enzymes and phytohormones are increased to promote environmental stress resistance and selenium tolerance. Selenium-enriched tea demonstrates superior health benefits compared to regular tea due to the synergistic effects of tea active ingredients and selenium element. This review aims to inspire innovative ideas for the development of selenium-enriched tea with thriving growth conditions, high selenium bioaccessibility, delightful flavor, and broad applications in the food and health industries.
摘要：
Fu brick tea (FBT) has unique "fungal flower" aroma traits, but its source of crucial aroma compounds is still controversial. Aspergillus cristatus is the dominant fungus that participated in the fermentation of FBT. In this study, volatiles of Aspergillus cristatus and corresponding fermented FBT were examined using GC×GC-Q-TOFMS. A total of 59 volatiles were shared by three strains of Aspergillus cristatus isolated from representative FBT. Among them, 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone were the most abundant. A total of 133 volatiles were screened as typical FBT volatiles from three FBTs fermented by the corresponding fungi. Aspergillus cristatus and FBT had only 29 coexisting volatiles, indicating that the volatiles of Aspergillus cristatus could not directly contribute to the aroma of FBT. The results of no significant correlation between volatile content in FBT and volatile content in Aspergillus cristatus suggested that intracellular metabolism of Aspergillus cristatus was not a direct driver of FBT aroma formation. Metabolic pathway analysis and proteomic analysis showed that the aroma in FBT was mainly formed by the enzymatic reaction of extracellular enzymes from Aspergillus cristatus. This study enriched our understanding of Aspergillus cristatus in the aroma formation process of FBT.
摘要：
Fermented-chopped pepper is a widely consumed condiment in China due to its attractive flavor. Chopped pepper seed (CPS) is the byproduct generated during the production of chopped pepper and is generally discarded as waste. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nutritional value of three varieties of CPS were investigated. Results indicated that the nutritional compositions of the three CPS varieties exhibited significant differences. All CPS samples contained 17 amino acids and were rich in fatty acids, with unsaturated fatty acids being predominant and accounting for 79% of the total fatty acids. A total of 53 VOCs were identified by gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry, which could be classified into 9 groups, with aldehydes, esters, and alcohols comprising the three largest groups. The three varieties of CPS had remarkably varied aromas whereas there are five key VOCs (i.e., 2-pentylfuran, methional, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, dimethyl disulfide, and nonanal) in all CPS samples. Network correlation analysis revealed that VOCs are closely correlated with amino and fatty acids. Thus, this study provides a useful basis for understanding the nutritional values and flavor characteristics of different CPS varieties, which could be used as an ingredient and might have great potential in the food industry.
摘要：
Trichoderma harzianum exhibits a strong biological control effect on many important plant pathogens, such as Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, and Meloidogyne. However, its biocontrol effectiveness is weakened or reduced under salt stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular response of T. harzianum to salt stress at the whole-genome level. Here, we present a 44.47 Mb near-complete genome assembly of the T. harzianum qt40003 strain for the first time, which was assembled de novo with 7.59 Gb Nanopore sequencing long reads (~170-fold) and 5.2 Gb Illumina short reads (~116-fold). The assembled qt40003 genome contains 12 contigs, with a contig N50 of 4.81 Mb, in which four of the 12 contigs were entirely reconstructed in a single chromosome from telomere to telomere. The qt40003 genome contains 4.27 Mb of repeat sequences and 12,238 protein-coding genes with a BUSCO completeness of 97.5%, indicating the high accuracy and completeness of our gene annotations. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis was used to investigate gene expression changes related to salt stress in qt40003 at 0, 2% (T2), and 4% (T4) sodium chloride concentrations. A total of 2,937 and 3,527 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained under T2 and T4 conditions, respectively. GO enrichment analysis showed that the T2-treatment DEGs were highly enriched in detoxification (p < 0.001), while the T4 DEGs were mainly enriched in cell components, mostly in cellular detoxification, cell surface, and cell wall. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis showed that 91 and 173 DEGs were significantly enriched in the T2 and T4 treatments, respectively (p < 0.01), mainly in the glutathione metabolism pathway. We further experimentally analyzed the differentially expressed glutathione transferase genes in the glutathione metabolic pathway, most of which were downregulated (13/15). In addition, we screened 13 genes related to active oxygen clearance, including six upregulated and seven downregulated genes, alongside five fungal hydrophobic proteins, of which two genes were highly expressed. Our study provides high-quality genome information for the use of T. harzianum for biological control and offers significant insights into the molecular responses of T. harzianum under salt-stress conditions.
摘要：
In traditional Chinese medicine, Angelica dahurica is a valuable herb with numerous therapeutic applications for a range of ailments. There have not yet been any articles on the methodical assessment and choice of the best reference genes for A. dahurica gene expression studies. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is widely employed as the predominant method for investigating gene expression. In order to ensure the precise determination of target gene expression outcomes in RT-qPCR analysis, it is imperative to employ stable reference genes. In this study, a total of 11 candidate reference genes including SAND family protein (SAND), polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTBP), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), actin (ACT), TIP41-like protein (TIP41), cyclophilin 2 (CYP2), elongation factor 1 α (EF1α), ubiquitin-protein ligase 9 (UBC9), tubulin β-6 (TUB6), thioredoxin-like protein YLS8 (YLS8), and tubulin-α (TUBA) were selected from the transcriptome of A. dahurica. Subsequently, three statistical algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) were employed to assess the stability of their expression patterns across seven distinct stimulus treatments. The outcomes obtained from these analyses were subsequently amalgamated into a comprehensive ranking using RefFinder. Additionally, one target gene, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), was used to confirm the effectiveness of the selected reference genes. According to the findings of this study, the two most stable reference genes for normalizing the expression of genes in A. dahurica are TIP41 and UBC9. Overall, our research has determined the appropriate reference genes for RT-qPCR in A. dahurica and provides a crucial foundation for gene screening and identifying genes associated with the biosynthesis of active ingredients in A. dahurica.
摘要：
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by fat accumulation and inflammation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) has been proven to be effective against NAFLD, but its hepatoprotective mechanisms based on the "gut microbiota-barrier-liver axis" are still not fully understood. Herein, the results demonstrated that EGCG effectively ameliorated NAFLD phenotypes and metabolic disorders in rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and inhibited intestinal barrier dysfunction and inflammation, which is also supported in the experiment of Caco-2 cells. Moreover, EGCG could restore gut microbiota diversity and composition, particularly promoting beneficial microbes, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers, such as Lactobacillus, and suppressing Gram-negative bacteria, such as Desulfovibrio. The microbial modulation raised SCFA levels, decreased lipopolysaccharide levels, inhibited the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and strengthened intestinal barrier function via Nrf2 pathway activation, thereby alleviating liver steatosis and inflammation. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that 24 key OTUs, negatively or positively associated with NAFLD and metabolic disorders, were also reshaped by EGCG. Our results suggested that a combinative improvement of EGCG on gut microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and inflammation might be a potential therapeutic target for NAFLD.
摘要：
Theobromine is an important quality component in tea plants (Camellia sinensis), which is produced from 7-methylxanthine by theobromine synthase (CsTbS), the key rate-limiting enzyme in theobromine biosynthetic pathway. Our transcriptomics and widely targeted metabolomics analyses suggested that CsMYB114 acted as a potential hub gene involved in the regulation of theobromine biosynthesis. The inhibition of CsMYB114 expression using antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) led to a 70.21% reduction of theobromine level in leaves of the tea plant, which verified the involvement of CsMYB114 in theobromine biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found that CsMYB114 was located in the nucleus of the cells and showed the characteristic of a transcription factor. The dual luciferase analysis, a yeast one-hybrid assay, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) showed that CsMYB114 activated the transcription of CsTbS, through binding to CsTbS promoter. In addition, a microRNA, miR828a, was identified that directly cleaved the mRNA of CsMYB114. Therefore, we conclude that CsMYB114, as a transcription factor of CsTbS, promotes the production of theobromine, which is inhibited by miR828a through cleaving the mRNA of CsMYB114.
摘要：
Black tea aroma is composed of volatile flavour compounds at different concentrations generated during the manufacture of black tea. The common process of black tea production consists of four stages: withering, rolling, fermentation, and firing. However, no systematic review and meta-analysis study on the volatile components during black tea processing was conducted. The present study evaluated the changes of the volatile compounds in black tea processing through a systematic review and meta-analytic approach. The results revealed that the content of phenylacetaldehyde and (E)-2-octenal significantly increased during the withering process, which was attributed to glycoside hydrolysis and amino acid reactions. During the rolling process, the content of (E)-2hexenal increased, which may be due to the oxidation of fatty acids. During the fermentation process, the content of phenylacetaldehyde, (E)-2-octenal, and trans-beta-ionone increased through enzymatic and oxidative effects. The withering, rolling, fermentation, and drying processes played crucial roles in the formation of black tea aroma and had significant effects on the key odorants in black tea. These findings provide important insights into optimizing processing parameters in commercial black tea production.
摘要：
Lilium is a commercially important genus of bulbous flowers, investigating the flowering molecular mechanisms is important for flowering regulation of lily. MADS-box SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) orthologs are involved in the flowering transition and floral organ differentiation in many plants. In this study, we identified an SVP ortholog from L. × formolongi (LfSVP), which was closely related to Arabidopsis SVP according to phylogenetic analysis. Tissue-specific expression patterns indicated that LfSVP expression levels peaked in the leaves and showed low expression levels in flowering tepals. Stage-dependent expression patterns of LfSVP showed high transcription level in the flowering induction stage under different photoperiods and exhibited transcription peak in the floral budding development stage under long days. Overexpressed LfSVP led to delayed flowering and floral organ defects in Arabidopsis independent of photoperiod. Tobacco rattle virus -induced gene silencing of LfSVP caused a strongly earlier flowering time and floral organ defects of L. × formolongi. Moreover, LfSVP can interact with L. × formolongi APETALA1 (AP1) in both yeast and tobacco cells, and the two may interact to regulate floral organ differentiation. In conclusion, LfSVP is a flowering repressor and may be involved in the regulation of floral organ differentiation. This study will be helpful for the molecular breeding of short-life-period and rich floral patterns lily varieties.
