摘要：
At present, there are few studies on seasonal differences in the aroma quality and volatile components of Rucheng Baimao (Camellia pubescens) black tea. In this study, sensory evaluation and volatile component analysis were carried out on one sample of Rucheng Baimao black tea corresponding to spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the black teas of all three seasons had floral aromas. However, the aroma quality of spring black tea was the best, followed by that of autumn black tea, and summer black tea was the worst. The analysis of volatile components showed that alcohols, esters, and alkanes were the main substance categories. In addition, the results of the aroma index were consistent with those of the sensory evaluation, indicating that spring black tea had the best aroma quality, followed by autumn black tea and then summer black tea. Eleven key differential volatile components were screened by combining PLS-DA analysis (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) and rOAV > 1. Among them, geraniol, methyl salicylate, nonanal, and (E)-citral accumulated the most in spring black tea, linalool, phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, phenethyl alcohol, benzyl alcohol, and β-ionone accumulated the most in summer black tea, and trans-nerolidol accumulated the most in autumn black tea. This study aims to provide a theoretical reference for the regulation of the aroma quality of Rucheng Baimao black tea.
摘要：
Decaffeinated teas (DTs) are preferred for their low caffeine content, but their flavor was unsatisfactory. To explore and optimize the flavor of DT decaffeinated by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD), the volatiles and non-volatiles were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Results showed that SCD results in the loss of the original tea flavor by reducing the volatiles associated with floral aroma and non-volatiles related to sweet and mellow. Scenting significantly optimized the comprehensive flavor of DTs by blending DTs with fresh jasmine. The aroma of DTs was improved by absorbing the high concentration of volatiles released by jasmine, and their jasmine taste resulted from the subsequent release of methyl anthranilate dissolved in tea infusion. Jasmine decaffeinated tea with a powerful and long-lasting jasmine aroma can be obtained with 100 % amount of flowers. The scenting provided in this study can effectively optimize the flavor of DTs, thereby positively impacting the development of DTs.
Decaffeinated teas (DTs) are preferred for their low caffeine content, but their flavor was unsatisfactory. To explore and optimize the flavor of DT decaffeinated by supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD), the volatiles and non-volatiles were analyzed using mass spectrometry. Results showed that SCD results in the loss of the original tea flavor by reducing the volatiles associated with floral aroma and non-volatiles related to sweet and mellow. Scenting significantly optimized the comprehensive flavor of DTs by blending DTs with fresh jasmine. The aroma of DTs was improved by absorbing the high concentration of volatiles released by jasmine, and their jasmine taste resulted from the subsequent release of methyl anthranilate dissolved in tea infusion. Jasmine decaffeinated tea with a powerful and long-lasting jasmine aroma can be obtained with 100 % amount of flowers. The scenting provided in this study can effectively optimize the flavor of DTs, thereby positively impacting the development of DTs.
关键词：
auxin;flavanones;phytohormones;root zone chilling stress;terminal flowering formation
摘要：
A low-temperature condition in a root zone is a major abiotic stress that threatens cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) growth and development, yet the molecular mechanism by which the leaf reacts to root zone chilling stress remains largely unknown. In this study, we applied three temperature treatments, including room temperature (20 degrees C-22 degrees C), suboptimal temperature (13 degrees C-15 degrees C), and low temperature (8 degrees C-10 degrees C), to investigate how root zone chilling affects hormone dynamics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics in the leaves of the cucumber variety "Jinyou 35", the main cultivar in northwest and southwest China. Through integrative physiological and biochemical analysis, auxin emerges as the most significant accumulated hormone, accounting for 88% in room temperature-treated leaves (RL), 99% in suboptimal temperature-treated leaves (SL), and 94% in low-temperature-treated leaves (LL). Under chilling stress, flavanones were the most abundant metabolite in cucumber leaves, constituting over 50% of total metabolites, while phenolic acids showed a marked decrease. Several differentially expressed transcription factors (DETFs), such as LOB (CsaV3_3G020650), MYB (CsaV3_3G043510), and bHLH (CsaV3_2G005070 and CsaV3_4G029740), were upregulated in SL and LL, potentially enhancing cucumber's defense against chilling injury. Additionally, terminal flower formation was observed under suboptimal and low-temperature conditions, with CsFT expression in SL and LL lower than in RL, and a significant negative correlation observed between CsFT and CsNAC6. These findings deepen our understanding of cucumber's resilience mechanisms to root zone chilling stress, shedding light on its cold tolerance strategies.
摘要：
This study investigated the efficacy of exosome-like nanoparticles derived from Camellia sinensis (CSENs), isolated using immunoaffinity (IM), ultracentrifugation (UC), and polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG) methods, for suppressing heterocyclic amines (HAs) formation and enhancing sensory attributes in roasted chicken breast (marinated with 0.05–0.50 % CSENs). Results demonstrated that PEG-isolated CSENs at 0.50 % concentration achieved inhibition up to 100 % of key HAs including MeIQ, MeIQx, PhIP, Norharman, and Harman in both free and bound forms. Mechanistic studies revealed that CSENs attenuated HA generation through dual pathways including scavenging free radicals and suppressing reactive carbonyl intermediates. Notably, electronic tongue analysis confirmed that 0.50 % PEG-CSENs significantly enhanced umami, richness, and saltiness perception while reducing bitterness and astringency, with no adverse effects on textural properties. These findings establish Camellia sinensis exosomes as bifunctional agents for simultaneously improving chemical safety and organoleptic quality in thermally processed meats.
This study investigated the efficacy of exosome-like nanoparticles derived from Camellia sinensis (CSENs), isolated using immunoaffinity (IM), ultracentrifugation (UC), and polyethylene glycol precipitation (PEG) methods, for suppressing heterocyclic amines (HAs) formation and enhancing sensory attributes in roasted chicken breast (marinated with 0.05–0.50 % CSENs). Results demonstrated that PEG-isolated CSENs at 0.50 % concentration achieved inhibition up to 100 % of key HAs including MeIQ, MeIQx, PhIP, Norharman, and Harman in both free and bound forms. Mechanistic studies revealed that CSENs attenuated HA generation through dual pathways including scavenging free radicals and suppressing reactive carbonyl intermediates. Notably, electronic tongue analysis confirmed that 0.50 % PEG-CSENs significantly enhanced umami, richness, and saltiness perception while reducing bitterness and astringency, with no adverse effects on textural properties. These findings establish Camellia sinensis exosomes as bifunctional agents for simultaneously improving chemical safety and organoleptic quality in thermally processed meats.
摘要：
While flavonoid accumulation, light radiation, and cold stress are intrinsically connected in tea plants, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The circadian protein CCA1 and CCA1-like MYB transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in coordinating light and temperature signals in plant-environment interactions, their homologs in tea plants have not been addressed. Here we analyzed CsCCA1-like MYB subfamily in tea genome and found one member, a circadian gene CsMYB128 responding to cold stress. Antisense knockdown of CsMYB128 in tea buds rendered cold tolerance in cold tolerance tests. Metabolite profiling, yeast hybrid and promoter trans-activation assays further demonstrated that CsMYB128 negatively regulated flavonol biosynthesis by repressing CsFLS1 in flavonol biosynthesis and CsCBF1 in cold tolerance. Given CsCBF1 also activated CsMYB128 transcription, the negative feedback regulation loop indicates a balance between tea plant growth promoted by CsMYB128 and cold tolerance meanwhile growth inhibition by CsCBF1. Moreover, CsICE1 interacted with and inhibited CsMYB128 repressor activity to promote cold tolerance. CsMYB128 is thus characterized as an early cold-responsive gene negatively regulating tea plant cold response and balancing tea plant growth and cold tolerance. This study provides insights into the roles of CCA1-like subfamily MYB TFs in regulating tea plant growth and interactions with environments.
While flavonoid accumulation, light radiation, and cold stress are intrinsically connected in tea plants, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The circadian protein CCA1 and CCA1-like MYB transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in coordinating light and temperature signals in plant-environment interactions, their homologs in tea plants have not been addressed. Here we analyzed CsCCA1-like MYB subfamily in tea genome and found one member, a circadian gene CsMYB128 responding to cold stress. Antisense knockdown of CsMYB128 in tea buds rendered cold tolerance in cold tolerance tests. Metabolite profiling, yeast hybrid and promoter trans-activation assays further demonstrated that CsMYB128 negatively regulated flavonol biosynthesis by repressing CsFLS1 in flavonol biosynthesis and CsCBF1 in cold tolerance. Given CsCBF1 also activated CsMYB128 transcription, the negative feedback regulation loop indicates a balance between tea plant growth promoted by CsMYB128 and cold tolerance meanwhile growth inhibition by CsCBF1. Moreover, CsICE1 interacted with and inhibited CsMYB128 repressor activity to promote cold tolerance. CsMYB128 is thus characterized as an early cold-responsive gene negatively regulating tea plant cold response and balancing tea plant growth and cold tolerance. This study provides insights into the roles of CCA1-like subfamily MYB TFs in regulating tea plant growth and interactions with environments.
通讯机构：
[Tian, LL ] S;[Huang, J ; Tian, LL] H;Shandong Acad Agr Sci, Tea Res Inst, Jinan 250100, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Key Lab Tea Sci, Minist Educ, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Natl Res Ctr Engn Technol Utilizat Funct Ingredien, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Culture of plant tissue;Contamination;Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide;Camellia sinensis L;Sustainability
摘要：
Plant tissue culture often suffers from latent infections, leading to significant losses in both research laboratories and industrial production. This study introduces an innovative strategy by incorporating Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide (CVP) into tea plant tissue culture systems to control latent infections without compromising plant growth. The standard Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with agar, sucrose, 6-Benzyladenine (BA), and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), was further enriched with CVP. A concentration of 6 mg/L CVP was identified as the most effective for inducing somatic embryos from tea seeds (using MS + 4.0 mg/L 6-BA + 1.0 mg/L IBA) and callus formation from tea leaves (under MS with 3.5–4.0 mg/L 6-BA + 1.5–2.0 mg/L IBA). Histological studies and assessments of antioxidant enzyme activities were performed to analyze the frequency of embryogenesis and callus formation at different CVP concentrations. The findings reveal that optimized CVP supplementation significantly enhances the proliferation of tea callus and embryogenic tissues, improves overall culture growth, and effectively suppresses endogenous infections, although some degree of cytotoxicity was noted. Overall, the findings represent a promising stride towards alleviating latent infections in plant tissue culture, offering potential benefits for both research and commercial applications.
Plant tissue culture often suffers from latent infections, leading to significant losses in both research laboratories and industrial production. This study introduces an innovative strategy by incorporating Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide (CVP) into tea plant tissue culture systems to control latent infections without compromising plant growth. The standard Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with agar, sucrose, 6-Benzyladenine (BA), and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), was further enriched with CVP. A concentration of 6 mg/L CVP was identified as the most effective for inducing somatic embryos from tea seeds (using MS + 4.0 mg/L 6-BA + 1.0 mg/L IBA) and callus formation from tea leaves (under MS with 3.5–4.0 mg/L 6-BA + 1.5–2.0 mg/L IBA). Histological studies and assessments of antioxidant enzyme activities were performed to analyze the frequency of embryogenesis and callus formation at different CVP concentrations. The findings reveal that optimized CVP supplementation significantly enhances the proliferation of tea callus and embryogenic tissues, improves overall culture growth, and effectively suppresses endogenous infections, although some degree of cytotoxicity was noted. Overall, the findings represent a promising stride towards alleviating latent infections in plant tissue culture, offering potential benefits for both research and commercial applications.
摘要：
In this study, the aroma characteristics of jasmine tea (JT) scented by three kinds of multipetal jasmine, Xiangfei 2, 4 and 11 were investigated with common double-petal jasmine as control. Compared with the strong floral aroma of double-petal jasmine tea (TS), the JT scented with Xiangfei 2 (TC) showed fresher aroma, the JT scented with Xiangfei 11 (TB) exhibited sweeter aroma, while the overall aroma of JT scented by Xiangfei 4 (TA) was overall lower. Among them, Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxyl-, ethyl ester contributed to TB's sweet note, 3-Hexen-1-ol, benzoate, (Z) - and Methyl salicylate were related to the fresh aroma of TC, Linalool, Methyl anthranilate, 4-Hexen-1-ol, acetate and Benzyl alcohol were linked to TS's floral aroma. Molecular docking identified hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions as key drivers for aroma compounds binding to olfactory receptors, and molecular dynamics simulations (MDs) validated the stability of these interactions. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of multipetal jasmine in JT processing.
In this study, the aroma characteristics of jasmine tea (JT) scented by three kinds of multipetal jasmine, Xiangfei 2, 4 and 11 were investigated with common double-petal jasmine as control. Compared with the strong floral aroma of double-petal jasmine tea (TS), the JT scented with Xiangfei 2 (TC) showed fresher aroma, the JT scented with Xiangfei 11 (TB) exhibited sweeter aroma, while the overall aroma of JT scented by Xiangfei 4 (TA) was overall lower. Among them, Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxyl-, ethyl ester contributed to TB's sweet note, 3-Hexen-1-ol, benzoate, (Z) - and Methyl salicylate were related to the fresh aroma of TC, Linalool, Methyl anthranilate, 4-Hexen-1-ol, acetate and Benzyl alcohol were linked to TS's floral aroma. Molecular docking identified hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions as key drivers for aroma compounds binding to olfactory receptors, and molecular dynamics simulations (MDs) validated the stability of these interactions. This study provides a theoretical basis for the application of multipetal jasmine in JT processing.
关键词：
Black tea;Huangjincha;Key aroma;Sensory evaluation
摘要：
Huangjincha (HJC) is a cultivar rich in amino acids making it ideal for producing high-quality black tea. In this study, the aroma composition of HJC black tea from four different cultivars (HJC1, HJC2, HJC18, and HJC168) was analyzed by aroma sensory evaluation combined with volatile compound analysis. Among 271 identified volatiles, with 39 compounds as key odorants contributing to the diverse aromas of HJC black teas. The OAV and GC-O results indicated that geraniol and benzeneacetaldehyde (HJC1), 3-methylbutanal and 1-penten-3-ol (HJC2), (E, E)-2,4-hexadienal and damascenone (HJC18), as well as methyl salicylate and citral (HJC168) were the most significant aroma compounds. Furthermore, PLS analysis revealed four odorants contributed to floral characteristic, three were related to fruity attribute, four were associated with green attribute, three were connected to fresh attribute, three were linked to nutty profile, and three were tied to the sweet profile.
Huangjincha (HJC) is a cultivar rich in amino acids making it ideal for producing high-quality black tea. In this study, the aroma composition of HJC black tea from four different cultivars (HJC1, HJC2, HJC18, and HJC168) was analyzed by aroma sensory evaluation combined with volatile compound analysis. Among 271 identified volatiles, with 39 compounds as key odorants contributing to the diverse aromas of HJC black teas. The OAV and GC-O results indicated that geraniol and benzeneacetaldehyde (HJC1), 3-methylbutanal and 1-penten-3-ol (HJC2), (E, E)-2,4-hexadienal and damascenone (HJC18), as well as methyl salicylate and citral (HJC168) were the most significant aroma compounds. Furthermore, PLS analysis revealed four odorants contributed to floral characteristic, three were related to fruity attribute, four were associated with green attribute, three were connected to fresh attribute, three were linked to nutty profile, and three were tied to the sweet profile.
关键词：
Pu-erh tea;fruity/floral aroma;smoky aroma;storage time
摘要：
There is a lack of theoretical evidence regarding the transformation of the aroma of Pu-erh tea (raw tea) during long-term storage. In this study, we comprehensively investigate the aroma characteristics of Pu-erh tea (raw tea) from the same manufacturer, stored for different storage times (7-21 years). Sensory evaluation and qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile substances were performed on the experimental samples. The results showed that the aroma of Pu-erh tea (raw tea) changed from fruity/floral to smoky and fragrance during the storage process. A total of 290 volatiles were identified by HS-SPME/GC×GC-Q-TOF-MS. The key substances for the fruity/floral aroma are fenchene, (E)-1,2,3-trimethyl-4-propenyl-Naphthalene, (+/--theaspirane, and decanal, and the key substances for the smoky aroma were 2-ethyl-Furan, camphene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-Benzene, and cis-β-Ocimene. The key aroma substances for the fragrance aroma are 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-Cyclohexene, α-Terpinene, trans-β-Ocimene, (E,E)-2,4-Heptadienal, octanal, 2,5-Dimethoxyethylbenzene, 2,4-Dimethylanisole, 1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene, and 3,4-Dimethoxytoluene. This study helps us to understand further the aroma changes of Pu-erh tea (raw tea) during long-term storage.
摘要：
Depression is strongly linked to dysfunctions in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Jasmine tea, a traditional Chinese beverage made by combining green tea with Jasminum sambac , has potential antidepressant effects. However, its potential to alleviate depression via modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis remains largely unstudied. In this study, we used a rat model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to investigate the effects of jasmine tea extract (JT) on depression-related symptoms. Behavioral assessments, inflammatory marker analysis, hippocampal histology, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression assays demonstrated that JT alleviated depressive behaviors, reduced brain tissue damage, and restored cognitive function in CUMS-exposed rats. JT also significantly reduced intestinal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and modulated oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, and CAT), suggesting a role in preserving intestinal integrity. Further, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that JT shifted the gut microbiota composition in favor of beneficial bacteria such as Romboutsia , Blautia , and Monoglobus , while decreasing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, including Bifidobacterium , Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 , and Escherichia-Shigella . Meanwhile, non-targeted and targeted metabolomics analyses showed that JT influenced key metabolic pathways involving tryptophan, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids, helping to restore metabolic balance across various tissues (feces, colon, serum, and cerebral cortex) in the depressed rats. These findings indicate that JT may alleviate depression by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis, highlighting its potential as a dietary intervention for depression management.
Depression is strongly linked to dysfunctions in the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Jasmine tea, a traditional Chinese beverage made by combining green tea with Jasminum sambac , has potential antidepressant effects. However, its potential to alleviate depression via modulation of the microbiota-gut-brain axis remains largely unstudied. In this study, we used a rat model of depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to investigate the effects of jasmine tea extract (JT) on depression-related symptoms. Behavioral assessments, inflammatory marker analysis, hippocampal histology, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression assays demonstrated that JT alleviated depressive behaviors, reduced brain tissue damage, and restored cognitive function in CUMS-exposed rats. JT also significantly reduced intestinal levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and modulated oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, and CAT), suggesting a role in preserving intestinal integrity. Further, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that JT shifted the gut microbiota composition in favor of beneficial bacteria such as Romboutsia , Blautia , and Monoglobus , while decreasing the abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, including Bifidobacterium , Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 , and Escherichia-Shigella . Meanwhile, non-targeted and targeted metabolomics analyses showed that JT influenced key metabolic pathways involving tryptophan, short-chain fatty acids, and bile acids, helping to restore metabolic balance across various tissues (feces, colon, serum, and cerebral cortex) in the depressed rats. These findings indicate that JT may alleviate depression by modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis, highlighting its potential as a dietary intervention for depression management.
摘要：
Siraitia grosvenorii , a important economic crop is now used as a sweetener because its bioactive compound, mogroside V, has high sweetness with zero calories. However, mogroside V only accumulates in S. grosvenorii fruits, and its content is low. Enhancing the production of mogroside V has become a major commercial and scientific endeavor. TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors (TFs) have a key role in regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis, however, their role in regulating mogroside V is unclear. In this study, twenty-four SgTCP genes were identified based on genome-wide analysis and classified into two subgroups according to phylogenetic analysis. Based on the expression levels in different fruit development stages, co-expression network showed that SgTCP24 had a strong positive correlation with SgSQE , SgCS , and SgCYP87D18 . Through the subcellular localization, yeast one hybrid, dual-luciferase, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay it was shown that SgTCP24 can directly bind and activate the expression of these three genes. When SgTCP24 was over-expressed in S. grosvenorii fruits, the production of mogroside V increased. Conversely, the content of mogroside V decreased in lines subjected to virus induced silencing. Our results provide a major insight into the molecular mechanism of TCP TFs in regulating the mogroside V biosynthesis, and offers a new method for enhancing the content of mogroside V in plants.
Siraitia grosvenorii , a important economic crop is now used as a sweetener because its bioactive compound, mogroside V, has high sweetness with zero calories. However, mogroside V only accumulates in S. grosvenorii fruits, and its content is low. Enhancing the production of mogroside V has become a major commercial and scientific endeavor. TEOSINTE BRANCHED 1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factors (TFs) have a key role in regulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis, however, their role in regulating mogroside V is unclear. In this study, twenty-four SgTCP genes were identified based on genome-wide analysis and classified into two subgroups according to phylogenetic analysis. Based on the expression levels in different fruit development stages, co-expression network showed that SgTCP24 had a strong positive correlation with SgSQE , SgCS , and SgCYP87D18 . Through the subcellular localization, yeast one hybrid, dual-luciferase, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay it was shown that SgTCP24 can directly bind and activate the expression of these three genes. When SgTCP24 was over-expressed in S. grosvenorii fruits, the production of mogroside V increased. Conversely, the content of mogroside V decreased in lines subjected to virus induced silencing. Our results provide a major insight into the molecular mechanism of TCP TFs in regulating the mogroside V biosynthesis, and offers a new method for enhancing the content of mogroside V in plants.
作者机构：
[Jitao Liu; Li Wang; Chengchen Li; Jianwei Shan; Kang An; Kun Yang] Research Institute of Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.;College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;[Xiaobo Li] Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Research Institute of Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China;[Xingyao Xiong] Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Xiaobo Li; Xingyao Xiong] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Research Institute of Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Crops Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
摘要：
Enzymatic browning is a major issue in potato processing, causing a decline in both nutritional value and quality. Although there are numerous studies on the mechanism of enzymatic browning of potato tubers, few relevant reports are available on the changes at the transcriptome level during enzymatic browning as well as on the differences in the browning process of potato tubers with differing degrees of enzymatic browning potential. To gain insights into the molecular mechanism of enzymatic browning after cutting, this study presents the transcriptional characterization of temporal molecular events during enzymatic browning of browning-resistant (BR) and browning-susceptible (BS) potato tubers. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis detected 19,377 and 13,741 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BR and BS tubers, respectively, with similar function enrichment observed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Up-regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways related to phenol and lipid biosynthesis, while the down-regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways related to programmed cell death. Significant redox-related pathways occurred earlier in BS tubers compared to the BR tubers. Further analysis revealed that the BS tubers had a stronger phenolic synthesis ability compared to the BR tubers. However, the BR tubers showed a stronger free radical scavenging ability compared to the BS tubers. The results of our study provide insights into the temporal molecular events that occur during the enzymatic browning of potato tubers after cutting and the potential molecular mechanisms for different degrees of enzymatic browning.
摘要：
Acrorus tatarinowii Schott (ATS), a traditional medicinal herb with neuroprotective potential, requires optimized harvest timing to maximize its bioactive efficacy. This study integrated HS-SPME-GC-MS, network pharmacology, and molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate seasonal variations in volatile components and their therapeutic relevance for neurodegenerative diseases. Monthly samples (March – December) revealed that the essential oil yield peaked in November (2.6 %) and declined by December. Phenylpropanoids dominated the volatile profile (e.g., β-Asarone, 19.32–35.81 %), showing progressive accumulation, while sesquiterpenes peaked in August. Network pharmacology identified 37 bioactive compounds targeting neurodegenerative pathways, with ESR1, SRC, and MAPK3 as core targets. Molecular docking highlighted β-eudesmol (Ki = 8.2 μM), (+)-tau-muurolol, and β-Asarone as high-affinity ligands for ESR1. Dynamics simulations confirmed stable binding (RMSD <0.4 nm) and favorable free energy (ΔG ≤-90.17 kJ/mol). The seasonal analysis, which aligned with pharmacopoeial guidelines, indicated that autumn (optimal essential oil yield) and winter (high β-Asarone content) are the ideal harvest periods. This multidisciplinary approach offers a scientific foundation for industrial-scale ATS cultivation, ensuring consistent quality for neurotherapeutic applications.
Acrorus tatarinowii Schott (ATS), a traditional medicinal herb with neuroprotective potential, requires optimized harvest timing to maximize its bioactive efficacy. This study integrated HS-SPME-GC-MS, network pharmacology, and molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate seasonal variations in volatile components and their therapeutic relevance for neurodegenerative diseases. Monthly samples (March – December) revealed that the essential oil yield peaked in November (2.6 %) and declined by December. Phenylpropanoids dominated the volatile profile (e.g., β-Asarone, 19.32–35.81 %), showing progressive accumulation, while sesquiterpenes peaked in August. Network pharmacology identified 37 bioactive compounds targeting neurodegenerative pathways, with ESR1, SRC, and MAPK3 as core targets. Molecular docking highlighted β-eudesmol (Ki = 8.2 μM), (+)-tau-muurolol, and β-Asarone as high-affinity ligands for ESR1. Dynamics simulations confirmed stable binding (RMSD <0.4 nm) and favorable free energy (ΔG ≤-90.17 kJ/mol). The seasonal analysis, which aligned with pharmacopoeial guidelines, indicated that autumn (optimal essential oil yield) and winter (high β-Asarone content) are the ideal harvest periods. This multidisciplinary approach offers a scientific foundation for industrial-scale ATS cultivation, ensuring consistent quality for neurotherapeutic applications.
作者机构：
[Haiyun Gao] Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources in Jiangxi Province, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330115, China;[Xuan Liu; Changli Liu; Xianan Zhang; Wei Gao] School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China;These authors contributed equally to this work.;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.;[Yifeng Zhang] State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
通讯机构：
[Luqi Huang; Yating Hu] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
摘要：
The medicinal plant Siraitia grosvenorii produces sweet-tasting cucurbitane-type mogrosides from the atypical triterpenoid precursor 2,3,22,23-dioxidosqualene (SDO), rather than the conventional 2,3-oxidosqualene (SQO). However, SDO formation in mogroside biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, we systematically characterized two squalene epoxidases (SgSQE1/2) through phylogenetic analysis, heterologous expression, subcellular localization, qRT-PCR, and alanine scanning studies. Both SgSQE1 and SgSQE2 exhibited squalene epoxidase activity, with SgSQE2 catalyzing SDO formation in yeast. We identified two critical catalytic residues governing epoxidation efficiency through mutagenesis. Both SgSQEs were localized in the ER, while expression profiling revealed a similar trend between SgSQE2 expression and mogroside accumulation in fruits. In our study, we developed a genomically engineered strategy for heterologous SQE characterization. These results lay the foundation for the SQE catalytic reaction involved in mogroside biosynthesis, and provide gene resources and a feasible approach for triterpene metabolic engineering.
摘要：
Uncaria rhynchophylla, a medicinal plant extensively used in traditional Chinese medicine, is an important plant source of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs), but the mechanism of TIA biosynthesis at molecular level remains unclear. Geraniol synthase (GES) serves as a crucial enzyme in catalyzing the formation of geraniol from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) in various plants, but the functional characterization of the GES gene in U. rhynchophylla has not been investigated. In this study, a GES was identified and characterized through genome mining and bioinformatic analysis. Functional validation was performed via a protein catalysis experiment, transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induction experiments. The full-length UrGES gene was 1761 bp, encoding a protein product of 586 amino acids with an estimated 67.5 kDa molecular weight. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis placed UrGES within the terpene synthase g (TPS-g) subfamily, showing high similarity to known GESs from other plants. Enzymatic assays confirmed that recombinant UrGES catalyzed GPP conversion to a single product of geraniol. The transient expression of UrGES resulted in geraniol accumulation in N. benthamiana, further confirming its function in vivo. UrGES expression was observed in leaves, stems, and roots, where leaves had the highest transcript levels. Moreover, MeJA treatment significantly upregulated UrGES expression, which positively correlated with an increase in alkaloid content. This study functionally characterizes UrGES as a geraniol synthase in U. rhynchophylla, contributing to the current knowledge of the TIA biosynthetic pathway. These findings may offer insights for future metabolic engineering aiming to enhance TIA yields for pharmaceutical and industrial applications.
摘要：
Summer-autumn tea leaves are abundant, yet their utilization remains low. Our study enhances the quality and flavor of Golden Flower loose tea (GFLT) from fresh summer-autumn tea leaves by using a special “Golden Flower” fungus (strain ACF-2). The strain ACF-2, identified as Aspergillus cristatus with yellow cleistothecium and isolated from Fu Brick Tea, was characterized by colony morphology, microstructural analyses, and phylogenetic examination using a 3-gene dataset ( BenA , CaM , RPB2 ). Inoculation of raw dark tea products with A. cristatus led to a significant increase in tea water extract and a reduction in tea polyphenols, soluble sugars, flavonoids, and total amino acids, thereby enhancing the quality and flavor of GFLT. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis of GFLT aroma revealed that A. cristatus substantially improved the tea’s aroma profile. 9 volatile compounds—( Z )-jasmone I, β -cyclocitral, linalool oxide I, linalool, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, ( Z )-citral, citral, and methyl salicylate, were found to be significantly elevated in GFLT compared to the controls. Our findings provide both theoretical and practical insights into optimizing the utilization of summer-autumn tea leaves, identifying the “Golden Flower” fungus, and understanding its impact on GFLT quality. In summary, fermenting A. cristatus to produce GFLT may be a new channel to utilize summer-autumn tea.
Summer-autumn tea leaves are abundant, yet their utilization remains low. Our study enhances the quality and flavor of Golden Flower loose tea (GFLT) from fresh summer-autumn tea leaves by using a special “Golden Flower” fungus (strain ACF-2). The strain ACF-2, identified as Aspergillus cristatus with yellow cleistothecium and isolated from Fu Brick Tea, was characterized by colony morphology, microstructural analyses, and phylogenetic examination using a 3-gene dataset ( BenA , CaM , RPB2 ). Inoculation of raw dark tea products with A. cristatus led to a significant increase in tea water extract and a reduction in tea polyphenols, soluble sugars, flavonoids, and total amino acids, thereby enhancing the quality and flavor of GFLT. HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis of GFLT aroma revealed that A. cristatus substantially improved the tea’s aroma profile. 9 volatile compounds—( Z )-jasmone I, β -cyclocitral, linalool oxide I, linalool, hexanal, 1-octen-3-ol, ( Z )-citral, citral, and methyl salicylate, were found to be significantly elevated in GFLT compared to the controls. Our findings provide both theoretical and practical insights into optimizing the utilization of summer-autumn tea leaves, identifying the “Golden Flower” fungus, and understanding its impact on GFLT quality. In summary, fermenting A. cristatus to produce GFLT may be a new channel to utilize summer-autumn tea.
摘要：
Germplasm collection and conservation requires many efforts and resources. Core collection construction could both conserve genetic diversity and improve conservation efficiency. This study investigated the genetic diversity of tea plants [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] collected from four regions of Rucheng using 14 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and constructed a core collection set. A phylogenetic tree and population structure were conducted. A core set of 28 tea plants, approximately 10% of 279 tea plant individuals, was constructed to capture the samples' maximum genetic diversity. Compared to the original collection, the retention rates of Na, I, Ho, He, MAF, and PIC in the core collection were 106.4%, 118.8%, 103.1%, 112.2%, 68.1%, and 113.1%, respectively. The significance of core germplasm lies in identifying and conserving a set of representatives, diverse, and genetically advantageous genetic resources to support subsequent genetic improvement and breeding efforts. It could serve as a foundation for conserving valuable genetic materials and identifying loci associated with important horticultural traits, thereby empowering the development of new tea cultivars with enhanced efficiency. Furthermore, this approach contributes to optimizing breeding strategies, accelerating the selection process, and ensuring the sustainability of tea plant genetic resources for future generations.
通讯机构：
[Zou, XX; Ou, LJ ; Liu, ZB] H;[Zou, XX ] N;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Hort, Engn Res Ctr Hort Crop Germplasm Creat & New Varie, Key Lab Vegetable Biol Hunan Prov,Minist Educ, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;Nanjing Agr Univ, Coll Hort, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Peoples R China.;Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Carotenoids play indispensable roles in the ripening process of fleshy fruits. Capsanthin is a widely distributed and utilized natural red carotenoid. However, the regulatory genes involved in capsanthin biosynthesis remain insufficient. Here, we identified the MADS-box transcription factor RIPENING INHIBITOR (MADS-RIN) in pepper (Capsicum annuum), which regulates ripening in climacteric tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits, using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. We found MADS-RIN can directly bind to the promoters of carotenoid biosynthetic genes phytoene synthase 1 (PSY1) and capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CCS) and the promoter of DIVARICATA1 to activate their expression, thereby regulating carotenoid biosynthesis directly or indirectly. The physical interaction between MADS-RIN and DIVARICATA1 enhances the transactivation effect on PSY1 and CCS. The self-transactivation of MADS-RIN demonstrates its capability to expedite the above process under specific conditions. Interestingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing assays revealed consistency and divergence of potential targets of MADS-RIN in climacteric tomato and nonclimacteric pepper fruits, suggesting potential conservation and variation of MADS-RIN in regulating ripening and carotenoid metabolism. The present study illustrates the regulatory mechanism of the MADS-RIN-DIVARICATA1 module in capsanthin biosynthesis in pepper, providing targets for breeding high-quality peppers. These findings enrich our understanding of the regulatory network of carotenoid biosynthesis and offer insights into the complex mechanisms of MADS-RIN in climacteric/nonclimacteric fruit ripening and carotenoid biosynthesis. A MADS-box transcription factor, RIPENING INHIBITOR (MADS-RIN), regulates carotenoid biosynthesis in nonclimacteric pepper fruits through its dominant MADS-RIN-DIVARICATA1 module.
摘要：
Tea residues are rich in dietary fiber, most of which are insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). However, soluble dietary fiber (SDF) is reported to show a better health-promoting effect. In this paper, the Eurotium cristatum (E. cristatum) fermentation method was employed to prepare SDF from tea residues. The results showed that the yield of SDF in fermented SDF (FSDF) was higher than that in unfermented SDF (USDF). Meanwhile, an increased proportion of galactose and a looser microstructure were observed in FSDF. In addition, FSDF has more advantages than USDF in relieving colitis symptoms. FSDF is more effective in reversing weight loss, colon shortening, and tissue damage. Meanwhile, it has a better regulatory effect on the level of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) and oxidative stress (CAT, T-SOD, and MDA). FSDF treatment more effectively restored gut microbiota composition toward normal parameters compared to USDF by upregulating Akkermanisa and Lachospiracae_NK4A136_group and downregulating Helicobacter and Alisitipes. In conclusion, fermentation treatment with E. cristatum contributed to the preparation efficiency and bioactive effect of SDF from tea residues. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of tea residues.
摘要：
The blood–brain barrier (BBB), a selective interface regulating cerebral substance exchange, plays a crucial role in maintaining cognitive function and metabolic balance. While tea consumption has been traditionally associated with health benefits, its specific effects on BBB integrity warrant systematic investigation. This review demonstrates that tea bioactive compounds can cross the BBB through systemic absorption and metabolism, with their permeability determined by physicochemical properties, including molecular weight and lipophilicity. Notably, the tea bioactive compounds exhibit strong functional properties but low bioavailability. On one hand, tea can directly modulate the development of the BBB through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Wnt, and Notch1 signaling pathways, and delay BBB aging and dysfunction by alleviating CNS inflammation, oxidative stress, and p-glycoprotein (P-gp) activity. On the other hand, tea indirectly influences BBB homeostasis via gut microbiota-mediated pathways, by regulating circadian rhythm disruptions, reducing psychosocial stress, and preventing metabolic syndrome. The review also discusses potential strategies to enhance tea's BBB-protective effects, including optimization of tea leaf processing, beverage production, and nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds. These findings provide valuable insights into the tea–BBB interaction and establish a theoretical framework for future research. This framework will support the development of dietary interventions for brain health.
