摘要：
Standalone wind–solar–diesel–storage microgrids serve as a crucial solution for achieving energy self-sufficiency in remote and off-grid areas, such as rural regions and islands, where conventional power grids are unavailable. Addressing scheduling optimization challenges arising from the intermittent nature of renewable energy generation and the uncertainty of load demand, this paper proposes an adaptive optimization scheduling method (DQN-PSO) that integrates Deep Q-Network (DQN) with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The proposed approach leverages DQN to assess the operational state of the microgrid and dynamically adjust the key parameters of PSO. Additionally, a multi-strategy switching mechanism, incorporating global search, local adjustment, and reliability enhancement, is introduced to jointly optimize both clean energy utilization and power supply reliability. Simulation results demonstrate that, under typical daily, high-volatility, and low-load scenarios, the proposed method improves clean energy utilization by 3.2%, 4.5%, and 10.9%, respectively, compared to conventional PSO algorithms while reducing power supply reliability risks to 0.70%, 1.04%, and 0.30%, respectively. These findings validate the strong adaptability of the proposed algorithm to dynamic environments. Further, a parameter sensitivity analysis underscores the significance of the dynamic adjustment mechanism.
通讯作者：
Rana Muhammad Aadil<&wdkj&>Jun-Hu Cheng<&wdkj&>Zhi-Wei Liu
作者机构：
[Liu, Jun-Xiang; Tang, Pan-Pan; Liu, Zhi-Wei; Liu, Xiu-Bin; Liu, Chang] College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;[Liu, Chang] School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;[Aadil, Rana Muhammad] National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.. Electronic address: Muhammad.aadil@uaf.edu.pk;[Cheng, Jun-Hu] School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China;[Cheng, Jun-Hu] Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China. Electronic address: fechengjh@scut.edu.cn
通讯机构：
[Rana Muhammad Aadil] N;[Jun-Hu Cheng] S;[Zhi-Wei Liu] C;National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.<&wdkj&>College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China<&wdkj&>Changsha Innovation Institute for Food, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China<&wdkj&>Guangdong Key Laboratory of Food Intelligent Manufacturing, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
摘要：
The effect of cold plasma (CP) treatment in promoting the covalent grafting of ovalbumin (OVA) with gallic acid (GA) were investigated, along with identifying the binding sites in the OVA-GA complex and exploring its potential for reducing the antigenicity of OVA. The results showed that the GA content of 22.97 ± 1.27 mg/g in OVA-GA complex was obtained following 60 s of CP treatment. Using LC-MS/MS, four regions (T 52 -R 59 , V 201 -K 207 , I 279 -R 285 , and V 281 -K 291 ) were identified, containing 12 GA binding sites in the OVA-GA complex. Additionally, a significant reduction in IgE binding capacity (70.83 ± 0.90 %) was observed, as confirmed by ELISA analysis. The masking/steric-hindrance effect on linear epitopes and the disruption of conformational epitopes of OVA as a result of GA grafting may be the key factors leading to the reduction in OVA antigenicity. This study highlights that promoting the grafting of polyphenols onto proteins using CP treatment is an effective strategy for reducing the antigenicity of protein allergens.
The effect of cold plasma (CP) treatment in promoting the covalent grafting of ovalbumin (OVA) with gallic acid (GA) were investigated, along with identifying the binding sites in the OVA-GA complex and exploring its potential for reducing the antigenicity of OVA. The results showed that the GA content of 22.97 ± 1.27 mg/g in OVA-GA complex was obtained following 60 s of CP treatment. Using LC-MS/MS, four regions (T 52 -R 59 , V 201 -K 207 , I 279 -R 285 , and V 281 -K 291 ) were identified, containing 12 GA binding sites in the OVA-GA complex. Additionally, a significant reduction in IgE binding capacity (70.83 ± 0.90 %) was observed, as confirmed by ELISA analysis. The masking/steric-hindrance effect on linear epitopes and the disruption of conformational epitopes of OVA as a result of GA grafting may be the key factors leading to the reduction in OVA antigenicity. This study highlights that promoting the grafting of polyphenols onto proteins using CP treatment is an effective strategy for reducing the antigenicity of protein allergens.
作者：
Yang WANG;Haipeng LIU;Zeqian YI;Biao QIAN;Meng WANG
期刊：
中国科学：信息科学(英文版),2025年68(4):1-16 ISSN：1674-733X
通讯作者：
Meng Wang
作者机构：
[Yang WANG; Haipeng LIU; Biao QIAN; Meng WANG] School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China;College of Information and Intelligence, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China;[Zeqian YI] School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China<&wdkj&>College of Information and Intelligence, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
通讯机构：
[Meng Wang] S;School of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
摘要：
State-of-the-art recommender systems are increasingly focused on optimizing implementation efficiency, such as enabling on-device recommendations under memory constraints. Current methods commonly use lightweight embeddings for users and items or employ compact embeddings to enhance reusability and reduce memory usage. However, these approaches consider only the coarse-grained aspects of embeddings, overlooking subtle semantic nuances. This limitation results in an adversarial degradation of meta-embedding performance, impeding the system’s ability to capture intricate relationships between users and items, leading to suboptimal recommendations. To address this, we propose a novel approach to efficiently learn meta-embeddings with varying grained and apply fine-grained meta-embeddings to strengthen the representation of their coarse-grained counterparts. Specifically, we introduce a recommender system based on a graph neural network, where each user and item is represented as a node. These nodes are directly connected to coarse-grained virtual nodes and indirectly linked to fine-grained virtual nodes, facilitating learning of multi-grained semantics. Fine-grained semantics are captured through sparse meta-embeddings, which dynamically balance embedding uniqueness and memory constraints. To ensure their sparseness, we rely on initialization methods such as sparse principal component analysis combined with a soft thresholding activation function. Moreover, we propose a weight-bridging update strategy that aligns coarse-grained meta-embedding with several fine-grained meta-embeddings based on the underlying semantic properties of users and items. Comprehensive experiments demonstrate that our method outperforms existing baselines. The code of our proposal is available at
https://github.com/htyjers/C2F-MetaEmbed
.
摘要：
The T-2 toxin, originating from a Fusarium species, is a mycotoxin that can adversely affect animal health. Melatonin (MT) is a natural hormone recognized for its properties that reduce inflammation and act as an antioxidant. However, MT's capacity to alleviate intestinal harm from T-2 toxin remains incompletely explored. Employing postweaning piglets, this research investigates MT's prophylactic impact on T-2 toxin-induced enterotoxicity. The results indicate that MT improved growth performance in piglets exposed to T-2 toxins while also enhancing intestinal barrier function. Such effects probably stem from MT's ability to reduce colonic oxidative stress and inflammation. Further findings suggest that these changes are closely associated with MT-induced remodeling of intestinal microbiota and an increase in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in the intestine. MT therefore alleviates T-2 toxin intestinal damage; gut microbiota are the key to this process.
通讯机构：
[Zhu, F ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Landscape Architecture & Art Design, 1 Nongda Rd, Changsha 410125, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Particulate matter;planting design of overpass;retention
摘要：
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) emission from overpasses is serious. To optimize the solution of planting design in the overpass, it is essential to understand the plant's ability to capture PM. In this study, leaf samples were collected from 11 plant species commonly existing in five overpass greening areas in Changsha, China. The PM retention per unit leaf area (M(leaf)), PM retention on a unit greening land (M(land)), and leaf surface microstructure were measured and analyzed. Results showed that the M(leaf) of Ophiopogon japonicus (1.59 g/m(2)) exhibited the highest value, and that of Nandina domestica (0.23 g/m(2)) was the lowest value. The M(land) of O. japonicus, Fatsia japonica, and Magnolia grandiflora was the highest based on the leaf area index. Leaves with wide gullies and cuticular wax significantly affected the PM retention ability of plants. Plant height played an important role in the PM retention ability in the overpass. Multilayered canopy structures such as arbor-shrub-herb had great potential for PM retention in overpasses. Based on the results, a PM retention design scheme of overpass greening space was proposed. This study provided an optimal solution for providing critical insights and guidance for developing effective PM reduction strategies in urban overpass environments.
通讯机构：
[Jie, YC; Xing, HC ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Ramie Res Inst, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Hunan Prov Engn Technol Res Ctr Grass Crop Germpla, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
oilseed rape;waterlogging stress;salicylic acid;abscisic acid;yield per plant
摘要：
Winter oilseed rape is particularly vulnerable to waterlogging stress during its growth and development stages, especially at the podding stage, leading to impaired photosynthesis, reduced antioxidant enzyme activity, and significant declines in yield and oil content. Previous studies have demonstrated that exogenous plant growth regulators, such as salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA), enhance crop resistance to abiotic stresses. Nevertheless, their combined application for winter oilseed rape recovery under waterlogging stress remains underexplored. In this study, a pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of SA, ABA, and their combination on the growth, photosynthesis, antioxidant enzyme activity, and yield of winter oilseed rape at the podding stage following waterlogging stress. The results showed that mixed spraying of SA and ABA significantly improved plant height, effective branching number, yield per plant, and thousand-grain weight of winter oilseed rape, surpassing the effects of individual treatments. Structural equation modeling revealed that mixed spraying enhanced yield components through direct improvements in photosynthesis and indirect regulation of antioxidant enzyme activities. This study is the first to systematically evaluate the role of mixed spraying of SA and ABA in mitigating waterlogging stress and restoring yield and quality in winter oilseed rape. This approach effectively alleviates the adverse effects of waterlogging and provides a valuable reference for post-waterlogging management of other crops. These results hold significant implications for addressing the impacts of climate change and ensuring global food security.
摘要：
Silicon (Si) plays a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. However, in some consumable plant products, such as fruits, Si deposition leads to the formation of a white powdery layer known as bloom, which diminishes glossiness and consumer appeal. Despite its significance, the genetic basis of bloom formation remains largely unexplored. Here, we identified a unique cucumber backbone parent line exhibiting bloomless fruit, which was designated blooml ess cucumber 1 (bec1). Map-based cloning of the bec1 locus revealed that BEC1, harboring a natural C-to-T variation at the 754th base of its coding region, is a strong candidate gene for the bloomless trait. Functional validation through gene-editing mutants and BEC1::BEC1-GFP transgenic lines confirmed that BEC1, encoding a Si efflux transporter, is responsible for bloom formation. Mutation of BEC1 impaired Si uptake, thereby preventing the deposition of Si on the surface of glandular trichomes and resulting in bloomless fruits. Additionally, Si deficiency in BEC1 mutants compromised resistance to Corynespora cassiicola and chilling stress. Interestingly, grafting bec1 scions onto bloom rootstocks restored the Si accumulation and stress resistance, while maintaining bloomless phenotype. Overall, our findings elucidate the role of BEC1 in bloom formation and provide a valuable genetic target for breeding bloomless cucumber with enhanced stress resilience.
作者机构：
[Wu, Jun; Peng, Yan; Liu, Bohan; Ye, Nenghui; Meng, Shuan] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Wu, Jun; Peng, Yan; Liu, Bohan; Ye, Nenghui; Meng, Shuan] Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Jianchang] Yangzhou Univ, Key Lab Crop Genet & Physiol Jiangsu Prov, Yangzhou 225009, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Jianhua] Hong Kong Baptist Univ, Dept Biol, Hong Kong 999077, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Jianhua] Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Sch Life Sci, Hong Kong 999077, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Ye, NH ; Zhang, JH ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Agron, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Hong Kong Baptist Univ, Dept Biol, Hong Kong 999077, Peoples R China.;Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Sch Life Sci, Hong Kong 999077, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Both the filling and development of grain are key processes determining agriculture production and reproductive growth in rice. The processes of grain filling and endosperm development are crucial for the accumulation of major storage compounds in rice grains. This requires extensive remobilization of carbon reserves from source to sink and the precise regulation of sucrose-to-starch conversion. Both the developmental sequence of the panicle and environmental signals influence the carbon flow between the leaves, leaf sheath, stem, and spikelets during grain filling. This, in turn, affects endosperm development and the production of storage compounds. In this review, we synthesize recent insight into grain development in rice, focusing on the dynamic changes in phytohormones and how their homeostasis integrates developmental and environmental cues to control grain filling in the developing panicle. We also highlight recent advances in the genetic control of carbohydrate remobilization and the transcriptional regulatory networks governing carbohydrate metabolism and grain development in rice. The asynchronous initiation and imbalance in grain filling limit the full yield potential of cereal crops. The "superior/inferior spikelets" serve as a model system for understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying grain filling and development. Systematic research on carbohydrate flow and phytohormone crosstalk could enhance our understanding of optimizing yield production in cereal crops. Additionally, a thorough analysis of key genetic regulatory mechanisms can offer a genetic foundation and targets for precisely adjusting grain filling traits, ultimately aiding in the development of high-yield crop varieties.
摘要：
Disorders of membrane lipid metabolism are responsible for the deterioration of postharvest fruit quality. In this study, a multi-omics approach was utilized to investigate how visible light-responsive chitosan composite active (CC) films regulate membrane lipid metabolism to delay kiwifruit quality deterioration. Compared with traditional polyethylene (PE) packaging, the visible light-responsive CC packaging effectively preserved sensory quality, texture, and nutritional characteristics, and reduced malondialdehyde accumulation (by 29 %) and relative electrolyte leakage rate (by 21 %), and significantly decreased the activity of membrane lipid-degrading enzymes (LOX, PLD, PLC, and PLA 2 enzyme activity). Metabolomics and transcriptomics highlighted the critical role of phospholipid metabolism in influencing quality changes. CC film reduced phosphatidic acid accumulation, attenuated phospholipid hydrolysis, and enhanced cell membrane integrity. Furthermore, it regulated key genes involved in membrane lipid metabolism, with lower expression of AcLOX , AcPLD , AcPLC , AcSDP , and AcDGK but higher expression of AcGPAT compared to the PE group. Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of the effects of membrane lipid metabolism on kiwifruit quality deterioration and also reveals the great potential of CC film to maintain kiwifruit postharvest quality.
Disorders of membrane lipid metabolism are responsible for the deterioration of postharvest fruit quality. In this study, a multi-omics approach was utilized to investigate how visible light-responsive chitosan composite active (CC) films regulate membrane lipid metabolism to delay kiwifruit quality deterioration. Compared with traditional polyethylene (PE) packaging, the visible light-responsive CC packaging effectively preserved sensory quality, texture, and nutritional characteristics, and reduced malondialdehyde accumulation (by 29 %) and relative electrolyte leakage rate (by 21 %), and significantly decreased the activity of membrane lipid-degrading enzymes (LOX, PLD, PLC, and PLA 2 enzyme activity). Metabolomics and transcriptomics highlighted the critical role of phospholipid metabolism in influencing quality changes. CC film reduced phosphatidic acid accumulation, attenuated phospholipid hydrolysis, and enhanced cell membrane integrity. Furthermore, it regulated key genes involved in membrane lipid metabolism, with lower expression of AcLOX , AcPLD , AcPLC , AcSDP , and AcDGK but higher expression of AcGPAT compared to the PE group. Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of the effects of membrane lipid metabolism on kiwifruit quality deterioration and also reveals the great potential of CC film to maintain kiwifruit postharvest quality.
期刊：
VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES,2025年25(2):133 - 141 ISSN：1530-3667
通讯作者：
Wei Liu<&wdkj&>Yisong Liu
作者机构：
[He, Mingye] YiYang Vocational & Technical College, Yiyang, China.;[Luo, Anqi; Liu, Yisong] Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China. Hunan Key Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China.;[Chen, Shuyu; Tan, Xiaoruo; Li, Zhikang; Liu, Wei] Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.
通讯机构：
[Wei Liu; Yisong Liu] R;Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China.<&wdkj&>Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China. Hunan Key Laboratory of Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Changsha, China.
摘要：
Objective: Spirometra mansoni is a crucial zoonotic parasite. Its larvae are more harmful than adult worms due to their ability to migrate through the host's tissues and organs. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an animal model of spargana for observing pathological changes and exploring diagnostic techniques. Methods: In this study, we infected Kunming mice and cats without any pathogens by feeding sparganum (with the scolex and neck) in order to understand the infection cycle of S. mansoni and explore the preservation host of sparganosis. The infection of S. mansoni was determined by fecal detection and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: In the model of cats, the eggs of S. mansoni were found in the feces ten days after the infection. The serum-specific IgG antibodies against S. mansoni were positive in experimental groups (mice and cats), and after sixty days, the S. mansoni worms isolated from experimental groups were collected. Conclusion: In conclusion, the experimental results show that mice and cats can be stably infected with S. mansoni through feeding sparganum (with the scolex and neck). The infection method of this study has the potential to establish a practical model for investigating the diagnostic process of S. mansoni, laying the groundwork for application and development. ELISA was used to diagnose mice and cats infected with sparganosis mansoni, providing a case for non-invasive identification of animal sparganosis.
关键词：
Black tea;Huangjincha;Key aroma;Sensory evaluation
摘要：
Huangjincha (HJC) is a cultivar rich in amino acids making it ideal for producing high-quality black tea. In this study, the aroma composition of HJC black tea from four different cultivars (HJC1, HJC2, HJC18, and HJC168) was analyzed by aroma sensory evaluation combined with volatile compound analysis. Among 271 identified volatiles, with 39 compounds as key odorants contributing to the diverse aromas of HJC black teas. The OAV and GC-O results indicated that geraniol and benzeneacetaldehyde (HJC1), 3-methylbutanal and 1-penten-3-ol (HJC2), (E, E)-2,4-hexadienal and damascenone (HJC18), as well as methyl salicylate and citral (HJC168) were the most significant aroma compounds. Furthermore, PLS analysis revealed four odorants contributed to floral characteristic, three were related to fruity attribute, four were associated with green attribute, three were connected to fresh attribute, three were linked to nutty profile, and three were tied to the sweet profile.
Huangjincha (HJC) is a cultivar rich in amino acids making it ideal for producing high-quality black tea. In this study, the aroma composition of HJC black tea from four different cultivars (HJC1, HJC2, HJC18, and HJC168) was analyzed by aroma sensory evaluation combined with volatile compound analysis. Among 271 identified volatiles, with 39 compounds as key odorants contributing to the diverse aromas of HJC black teas. The OAV and GC-O results indicated that geraniol and benzeneacetaldehyde (HJC1), 3-methylbutanal and 1-penten-3-ol (HJC2), (E, E)-2,4-hexadienal and damascenone (HJC18), as well as methyl salicylate and citral (HJC168) were the most significant aroma compounds. Furthermore, PLS analysis revealed four odorants contributed to floral characteristic, three were related to fruity attribute, four were associated with green attribute, three were connected to fresh attribute, three were linked to nutty profile, and three were tied to the sweet profile.
期刊：
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems,2025年9:1559021 ISSN：2571-581X
作者机构：
[Zhang, Wei] Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
关键词：
Digital technology;High-standard farmland construction;threshold effect;Spatial spillover effect;China
摘要：
High-standard farmland construction (HSFC) is a key measure to ensure national food security. The development of digital technology has brought new opportunities for HSFC. Based on panel data from 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), this paper employs a two-way fixed effects model, a panel threshold model, and a spatial Durbin model (SDM) to empirically examine the impact of digital technology on HSFC efficiency, as well as its threshold and spatial spillover effects. The study yielded the following key findings: First, digital technology has significantly improved the efficiency of HSFC. Simultaneously, its positive impact is more pronounced in areas with smaller terrain undulations, areas with higher agricultural land transfer, and eastern regions. Second, the impact of digital technology on the efficiency of HSFC exhibited a double threshold effect. When the level of digital technology is below the second threshold, it will significantly affect the efficiency of HSFC, and when the level of digital technology is between the first threshold and the second threshold, it will significantly affect the efficiency of HSFC. The effect is particularly strong when digital technology falls between the first and second thresholds. Third, digital technology has generated significant negative spatial spillover effects on the efficiency of HSFC. Based on this, we should strengthen the construction of rural digital infrastructure, build a digital management system for HSFC, and at the same time promote regional coordinated development of HSFC to achieve efficiency improvement in HSFC.
作者机构：
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.;Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China;[Guohua Mi] Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;These authors contributed equally to this work.;[Lan Yang] College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Peng Wang; Haiwei Liu] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
摘要：
Nitrogen fertilizers play a critical role in enhancing crop yields; however, excessive application has resulted in significant environmental challenges, including water contamination and increased greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, improving nitrogen use efficiency is essential for sustainable agriculture. This review based on a systematic search of Web of Science and CNKI for peer-reviewed studies on maize nitrogen efficiency published between 1945 and 2024 (excluding conference abstracts), this review presents the first multiscale synthesis demonstrating how balanced nitrate–ammonium nutrition coordinates N–C metabolism and phytohormone signaling to boost nitrogen use efficiency and stimulate maize growth, with supporting evidence from other crops. By integrating results from hydroponic and field experiments, the review evaluates the influence of mixed nitrogen sources on nitrogen uptake, root morphology, photosynthesis, carbon metabolism, and hormone signaling. Findings indicate that optimal NO3−:NH4+ ratios improve nitrogen absorption through enhanced root development and activation of specific nitrogen transporters. Additionally, mixed nitrogen nutrition increases photosynthetic efficiency, promotes carbon assimilation, reduces energy expenditure, and stimulates auxin-mediated growth. This review shows that balanced nitrate–ammonium co-application synergistically enhances crop nitrogen-use efficiency and yield, provides a theoretical basis for high-efficiency nitrogen-fertilizer development, and helps alleviate environmental pressures, advance sustainable agriculture, and secure food and ecosystem safety. Its efficacy, however, is modulated by soil type, climate, and genotypic variation, necessitating systematic validation and application optimization in future research.
