摘要：
Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is a perennial woody plant that is widely cultivated to produce a popular non-alcoholic beverage; this beverage has received much attention due to its pleasant flavor and bioactive ingredients, particularly several important secondary metabolites. Due to the significant changes in the metabolite contents of the buds and the young expanding leaves of tea plants, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis were performed. A total of 233 differentially expressed proteins were identified. Among these, 116 proteins were up-regulated and 117 proteins were down-regulated in the young expanding leaves compared with the buds. A large array of diverse functions was revealed, including roles in energy and carbohydrate metabolism, secondary metabolite metabolism, nucleic acid and protein metabolism, and photosynthesis- and defense-related processes. These results suggest that polyphenol biosynthesis- and photosynthesis-related proteins regulate the secondary metabolite content of tea plants. The energy and antioxidant metabolism-related proteins may promote tea leaf development. However, reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that the protein expression levels were not well correlated with the gene expression levels. These findings improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism of the changes in the metabolite content of the buds and the young expanding leaves of tea plants.
摘要：
In this study, we identified and compared nucleotide-binding site (NBS) domain-containing genes from three Citrus genomes (C. clementina, C. sinensis from USA and C. sinensis from China). Phylogenetic analysis of all Citrus NBS genes across these three genomes revealed that there are three approximately evenly numbered groups: one group contains the Toll-Interleukin receptor (TIR) domain and two different Non-TIR groups in which most of proteins contain the Coiled Coil (CC) domain. Motif analysis confirmed that the two groups of CC-containing NBS genes are from different evolutionary origins. We partitioned NBS genes into clades using NBS domain sequence distances and found most clades include NBS genes from all three Citrus genomes. This suggests that three Citrus genomes have similar numbers and types of NBS genes. We also mapped the re-sequenced reads of three pomelo and three mandarin genomes onto the C. sinensis genome. We found that most NBS genes of the hybrid C. sinensis genome have corresponding homologous genes in both pomelo and mandarin genomes. The homologous NBS genes in pomelo and mandarin suggest that the parental species of C. sinensis may contain similar types of NBS genes. This explains why the hybrid C. sinensis and original C. clementina have similar types of NBS genes in this study. Furthermore, we found that sequence variation amongst Citrus NBS genes were shaped by multiple independent and shared accelerated mutation accumulation events among different groups of NBS genes and in different Citrus genomes. Our comparative analyses yield valuable insight into the structure, organization and evolution of NBS genes in Citrus genomes. Furthermore, our comprehensive analysis showed that the non-TIR NBS genes can be divided into two groups that come from different evolutionary origins. This provides new insights into non-TIR genes, which have not received much attention.
摘要：
To explore the regulatory mechanisms of magnolol and honokiol on calcium-activated potassium channels signaling pathway in Enrerotoxigenic Escherichia coil (ETEC)-induced diarrhea mice, the concentrations of serum chloride ion (Cl+), sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+) and calcium ion (Ca2+) were measured. Additionally, the mRNA expressions of calmodulin 1 (CaM), calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha subunit (CaMKII alpha) and beta subunit (CaMKII beta), ryanodine receptor 1, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3 receptors), protein kinases C (PKC), potassium intermediate/ small conductance calcium-activated channels (SK) and potassium large conductance calcium-activated channels(BK)were determined. A diarrhea mouse model was established using ETEC suspensions (329 x 10(9) CFU/ml) at a dosage of 0.02 ml/g live body weight (BW). Magnolol or honokiol was intragastrically administered at dosages of 100 (M100 or H100), 300 (M300 or H300) and 500 (M500 or H500) mg/kg BW according to a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement. Magnolol and honokiol increased the Cl- and K+ concentrations, further, upregulated the CaM, BK alpha 1 and BK beta 3 mRNA levels but downregulated the IP3 receptors 1, PKC, SK1, SK2, 513, SK4 and BK beta 4 mRNA expressions. Magnolol and honokiol did not alter the CaMKII alpha, CaMII beta, ryanodine receptor 1, IP3 receptor 2, IP3, receptor 3, BK beta 1 and BK beta 2 mRNA expressions. These results clarify that magnolol and honokiol, acting through Ca2+ channel blockade, inhibit the activation of IP3 receptor 1 to regulate the IP3-Ca2+ store release, activate CaM to inhibit SK channels, and effectively suppress PKC kinases to promote BK alpha 1 and BK beta 3 channels opening and BK beta 4 channel closing, which modulates the intestinal ion secretion. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
摘要：
Pathogen-mediated interactions between insect vectors and their host plants can affect herbivore fitness and the epidemiology of plant diseases. While the role of plant quality and defense in mediating these tripartite interactions has been recognized, there are many ecologically and economically important cases where the nature of the interaction has yet to be characterized. The Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) cryptic species Mediterranean (MED) is an important vector of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), and performs better on virus-infected tomato than on uninfected controls. We assessed the impact of TYLCV infection on plant quality and defense, and the direct impact of TYLCV infection on MED feeding. We found that although TYLCV infection has a minimal direct impact on MED, the virus alters the nutritional content of leaf tissue and phloem sap in a manner beneficial to MED. TYLCV infection also suppresses herbivore-induced production of plant defensive enzymes and callose deposition. The strongly positive net effect on TYLCV on MED is consistent with previously reported patterns of whitefly behavior and performance, and provides a foundation for further exploration of the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects and the evolutionary processes that shape them.
摘要：
Fuzhuan brick tea has received increasing attention in recent years owing to its benefits for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and associated metabolic syndrome. For exploring the ameliorative mechanism, the liver proteomes from three groups of rats fed either a normal control diet (NCD), a high fat diet (HFD), or a HFD supplemented with high-dose FTE (HFD+HFTE) were comprehensively compared by quantitative proteomics using 2DE-LC-MS/MS. This is the first study of the effects of tea aqueous extract on the liver proteome of rats suffering from metabolic syndrome. The results showed that 57 proteins displayed more than 1.5-fold differences in at least one of two comparisons of HFD versus NCD and HFD versus HFD+HFTE due to HFD feeding and FTE treatment, respectively. Of them, over 75% of proteins exhibited a similar tendency of expression in the two comparisons, meaning FTE was able to correct HFD effects on rat livers. By function analyses, an extensive list of proteins were involved in sugar and lipid metabolism. Compared with HFD-fed rats, the reduced lipogenesis and enhanced β-oxidation, tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain in HFD+HFTE-fed rats, which mainly contributed to ameliorate hepatic fat accumulation and associated NAFLD. Additionally, some putative drug targets were also revealed such as COX2, PGAM1, ACACB, FAS and ECHS1. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
摘要：
A new pseudoguaianolide 1 and two new guaiane-type sesquiterpene glucosides 2 and 3, were isolated from the aerial parts of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L together with two known sesquiterpene dilactones 4 and 5. The new compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods to be 3β-acetoxy-4β-hydroxy-1α,7α, 10β,11αH-pseudoguaia-12,8β-olide (1), 1β,7β,9β,10β,13αH-guaia-4(5)-en-12,6β-olide 9-O-β-d-glucoside (2) and 4β-hydroxy-1α,5α,7α,9αH-guaia-10(14),11(13)-dien-12-acid 9-O-β-d-glucoside (3). The isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cell lines in vitro, but were all inactive.
期刊：
World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology,2015年31(8):1235-1240 ISSN：0959-3993
通讯作者：
Xiao, Hong-Bo
作者机构：
[Xiao, Hong-Bo; Wang, Ji-Ying] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Zhi-Liang; Zhang, Da-Sheng] Hunan Agr Univ, Biol Vet Drugs Branch, Natl Res Ctr Engn & Technol Utilizat Bot Funct In, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiao, Hong-Bo] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Angiopoietin-like protein 2;Murine mastitis;Staphylococcus aureus
摘要：
Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland. Recent research has shown that Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2) is a key inflammatory mediator. In the present study, we tested whether there is a correlation between increased ANGPTL2 expression and inflammation in response to Staphylococcus aureus in murine mastitis and the mechanisms involved. Thirty mice were divided into two groups: blank control group, challenged group. The entire infused mammary glands were removed to observe the changes of histopathology, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL)-6, and genes expression of ANGPTL2, TNF-alpha and IL-6. In challenged group, the structure of mammary glands was damaged and the large areas of cell fragments were observed. The MPO activity, IL-6 and TNF-alpha concentrations, ANGPTL2, IL-6, and TNF-alpha mRNA levels were significantly elevated in challenged group compared with blank control group. The present findings indicate ANGPTL2 may mediate the inflammation in murine mastitis through the activation of IL-6 and TNF-alpha.
关键词：
Apoptosis;Death receptor pathway;Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides;Human colon cancer
摘要：
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPs), which were purified from the medicinal herb G. lucidum followed by ethanol precipitation, protein depletion using the Sevage assay, purification using DEAE-cellulose (DE-52), dialysis and the use of ultrafiltration membranes, are used as an ingredient in traditional anticancer treatments in China. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anticancer effects and investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of GLPs on LoVo human colon cancer cells. The results demonstrated that the GLP-mediated anticancer effect in LoVo cells was characterized by cytotoxicity, migration inhibition, enhanced DNA fragmentation, morphological alterations and increased lactate dehydrogenase release. Furthermore, the activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 was involved in GLP-stimulated apoptosis. Additionally, treatment with GLPs promoted the expression of Fas and caspase-3 proteins, whilst reducing the expression of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. These data indicate that GLPs demonstrate potential antitumor activity in human colon cancer cells, predominantly through the inhibition of migration and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of the Fas/caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway is involved in the cytotoxicity of GLPs.
摘要：
MicroRNAs play important regulatory roles in eukaryotic lineages. In this paper, we employed deep sequencing technology to sequence and identify microRNAs in M. incognita genome, which is one of the important plant parasitic nematodes. We identified 102 M. incognita microRNA genes, which can be grouped into 71 nonredundant miRNAs based on mature sequences. Among the 71 miRANs, 27 are known miRNAs and 44 are novel miRNAs. We identified seven miRNA clusters in M. incognita genome. Four of the seven clusters, miR-100/let-7, miR-71-1/miR-2a-1, miR-71-2/miR-2a-2 and miR-279/miR-2b are conserved in other species. We validated the expressions of 5 M. incognita microRNAs, including 3 known microRNAs (miR-71, miR-100b and let-7) and 2 novel microRNAs (NOVEL-1 and NOVEL-2), using RT-PCR. We can detect all 5 microRNAs. The expression levels of four microRNAs obtained using RT-PCR were consistent with those obtained by high-throughput sequencing except for those of let-7. We also examined how M. incognita miRNAs are conserved in four other nematodes species: C. elegans, A. suum, B. malayi and P. pacificus. We found that four microRNAs, miR-100, miR-92, miR-279 and miR-137, exist only in genomes of parasitic nematodes, but do not exist in the genomes of the free living nematode C. elegans. Our research created a unique resource for the research of plant parasitic nematodes. The candidate microRNAs could help elucidate the genomic structure, gene regulation, evolutionary processes, and developmental features of plant parasitic nematodes and nematode-plant interaction.
摘要：
Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) is a well known Al-accumulating plant, showing a high level of aluminum (Al) tolerance and accumulation. Although the physiological mechanisms for detoxification of Al and the roles of Al in blue hydrangea sepals have been reported, the molecular mechanisms of Al tolerance and accumulation are poorly understood in hydrangea. In this study, we conducted a genome-wide transcriptome analysis of Al-response genes in the roots and leaves of hydrangea by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The assembly of hydrangea transcriptome provides a rich source for gene identification and mining molecular markers, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR). A total of 401,215 transcripts with an average length of 810.77bp were assembled, generating 256,127 unigenes. After annotation, 4,287 genes in the roots and 730 genes in the leaves were up-regulated by Al exposure, while 236 genes in the roots and 719 genes in the leaves were down-regulated, respectively. Many transporters, including MATE and ABC families, were involved in the process of Al-citrate complex transporting from the roots in hydrangea. A plasma membrane Al uptake transporter, Nramp aluminum transporter was up-regulated in roots and leaves under Al stress, indicating it may play an important role in Al tolerance by reducing the level of toxic Al. Although the exact roles of these candidate genes remain to be examined, these results provide a platform for further functional analysis of the process of detoxification of Al in hydrangea.
关键词：
Potato Virus;Mosaic Symptom;Recombination Breakpoint;Chinese Isolate;Recombination Detection Program
摘要：
Potato plants that exhibited mosaic symptoms were collected in Xiangxi, Hunan province, China. Multiplex RT-PCR screening for common viruses revealed the presence of potato virus A (PVA) in these samples. ELISA with virus-specific antibodies confirmed infection by PVA in the plants. Rod-shaped virions of ~750 nm in length and ~13 nm in width were observed by transmission electron microscopy. One virus isolate (designated PVA-Hunan) was subjected to molecular characterization. The viral genome consisted of 9,567 nucleotides, excluding the poly(A) tail, and encoded a polyprotein of 3,059 amino acids. A second characteristic potyvirus open reading frame (ORF), pretty interesting Potyviridae ORF (pipo), was located at nucleotides 2,834-3,139. The isolate shared 84% to 98% and 93% to 99% sequence identity with other PVA isolates at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that, within the PVA group, PVA-Hunan clustered most closely with the Finnish isolate Her, then with isolates 143, U, Ali, M and B11. The isolate TamMV stood alone at a separate branch. However, scanning of complete genome sequences using SimPlot revealed 99%-sequence identity between PVA-Hunan and TamMV in the 3'-proximal end of the genome (~nt 9,160 to the 3'end) and a 50%-94% (average~83%) identity upstream of nt 9,160. In contrast, 98% identity between PVA-Hunan and isolates M and B11 was detected for nucleotides 1 to ~9,160, but only ~94% for the 3'-proximal region, suggesting a genome recombination event (RE) at nt 9,133. The recombination breakpoint also was identified by the Recombination Detection Program (RDP). The RE was further confirmed by analysis of the CP gene, where the apparent RE was located.
摘要：
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) harbors several bacterial symbionts. Among the secondary (facultative) symbionts, Hamiltonella has high prevalence and high infection frequencies, suggesting that it may be important for the biology and ecology of its hosts. Previous reports indicated that Hamiltonella increases whitefly fitness and, based on the complete sequencing of its genome, may have the ability to synthesize cofactors and amino acids that are required by its host but that are not sufficiently synthesized by the host or by the primary endosymbiont, Portiera. Here, we assessed the effects of Hamiltonella infection on the growth of B. tabaci reared on low-, standard-, or high-nitrogen diets. When B. tabaci was reared on a standard-nitrogen diet, no cost or benefit was associated with Hamiltonella infection. But, if we reared whiteflies on low-nitrogen diets, Hamiltonella-infected whiteflies often grew better than uninfected whiteflies. Furthermore, nitrogen levels in field-collected whiteflies indicated that the nutritional conditions in the field were comparable to the low-nitrogen diet in our laboratory experiment. These data suggest that Hamiltonella may play a previously unrecognized role as a nutritional mutualist in B. tabaci.
摘要：
Citrus canker disease, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, affects almost all citrus species and cultivars and hascaused severe damage to the citrus industry worldwide. PthA is considered the main pathogenesis effector of the pathogen. This research aimed to temporally and spatially analyze the expression of the PthA protein of the bactrium during its culture, and then try to understand the relationship between the PthA expression levels and the pathogenicity. The relationship between the expression of PthA and the pathogenicity of X. axonopodis pv. citri was fully investigated by using SDS-PAGE, Western blot, ELISA and field inoculation, It was found that bacteria cultured for 36 h had the highest expression of PthA and showed the most virulent pathogenicity. The conservation duration of the pathogen isolates influenced their PthA expression and the pathogenicity, and negative relationship between the duration and the expression of PthA and pathogenicity. When the stored pathogen bacteria were cultured in liquid LB medium, they were able to regain activated, showing higher PthA expression level and enhanced pathogenicity, even though the activity was inferior, in terms of both PthA expression and pathogenicity, than the freshly isolated ones. Seven isolates from different citrus orchards displayed almost identical protein expression profiles. It could conclude that the expressions of PthA was positively related to pathogenicity.
作者机构：
[Qing, Zhi-Xing; Zeng, Jian-Guo] Hunan Univ Chinese Med, Sch Pharm, Changsha 410208, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zhou, Yuan] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Inst Vegetables & Flowers, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.;[Zeng, Jian-Guo; Liu, Xiu-Bin; Cheng, Pi] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Hort & Landscape, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zeng, Jian-Guo] H;Hunan Univ Chinese Med, Sch Pharm, Changsha 410208, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin C;Cucumis sativus L.;HPLC-Q-TOF-MS;NMR;cucurbitacin C
摘要：
Cucurbitacin C, a bitter substance in Cucumis sativus L., was isolated from green leaves by using phytochemical methods. An analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was established for the quantification of cucurbitacin C in different parts of the cucumber plant at different growth periods. Cucurbitacin C was detected in the leaves and stems but not in the female flowers, fruits, roots and leafstalks. The level of cucurbitacin C decreased significantly with the process of young leaves turning old. A new compound named 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin C, regarded as the next metabolite of cucurbitacin C, was determined unambiguously by HPLC-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance.
