摘要：
Machine learning (ML) methods have rapidly developed in various theoretical and practical research areas, including predicting genomic breeding values for large livestock animals. However, few studies have investigated the application of ML in broiler breeding. In this study, seven different ML methods—support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), kernel ridge regression (KRR) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) were employed to predict the genomic breeding values of laying traits, growth and carcass traits in a yellow-feathered broiler breeding population. The results indicated that classic methods, such as GBLUP and Bayesian, achieved superior prediction accuracy compared to ML methods in five of the eight traits. For half-eviscerated weight (HEW), ML methods showed an average improvement of 54.4% over GBLUP and Bayesian methods. Among the ML methods, SVR, RF, GBDT, and XGBoost exhibited improvements exceeding 60%, with respective values of 61.3%, 61.0%, 60.4%, and 60.7%; while MLP improved by 54.4% and LightGBM by 53.7%, KRR had the lowest improvement at 29.4%. For eviscerated weight (EW), ML methods still outperformed GBLUP and Bayesian methods. MLP gained the largest improvement at 19.0%, while SVR, RF, GBDT, XGBoost, LightGBM, and KRR improved by 15.0%, 16.5%, 9.5%, 7.0%, 1.6%, and 15.9%, respectively. Compared to default hyperparameters, the average improvement of ML methods with tuned hyperparameters was 34.0%, 32.9%, 27.0%, 19.3%, 26.8%, 13.2%, 18.9%, and 46.3%, respectively. The prediction accuracy of above algorithms could be optimized using genome-wide association study (GWAS) to select subsets of significant SNPs. This work provides valuable insights into genomic prediction, aiding genetic breeding in broilers.
Machine learning (ML) methods have rapidly developed in various theoretical and practical research areas, including predicting genomic breeding values for large livestock animals. However, few studies have investigated the application of ML in broiler breeding. In this study, seven different ML methods—support vector regression (SVR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), kernel ridge regression (KRR) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) were employed to predict the genomic breeding values of laying traits, growth and carcass traits in a yellow-feathered broiler breeding population. The results indicated that classic methods, such as GBLUP and Bayesian, achieved superior prediction accuracy compared to ML methods in five of the eight traits. For half-eviscerated weight (HEW), ML methods showed an average improvement of 54.4% over GBLUP and Bayesian methods. Among the ML methods, SVR, RF, GBDT, and XGBoost exhibited improvements exceeding 60%, with respective values of 61.3%, 61.0%, 60.4%, and 60.7%; while MLP improved by 54.4% and LightGBM by 53.7%, KRR had the lowest improvement at 29.4%. For eviscerated weight (EW), ML methods still outperformed GBLUP and Bayesian methods. MLP gained the largest improvement at 19.0%, while SVR, RF, GBDT, XGBoost, LightGBM, and KRR improved by 15.0%, 16.5%, 9.5%, 7.0%, 1.6%, and 15.9%, respectively. Compared to default hyperparameters, the average improvement of ML methods with tuned hyperparameters was 34.0%, 32.9%, 27.0%, 19.3%, 26.8%, 13.2%, 18.9%, and 46.3%, respectively. The prediction accuracy of above algorithms could be optimized using genome-wide association study (GWAS) to select subsets of significant SNPs. This work provides valuable insights into genomic prediction, aiding genetic breeding in broilers.
作者机构：
[Liu, Guanping; Shi, Hairong; Hu, Yi; Yue, Yuhua; Shi, Shanshan; Zhang, Meilin; Shi, Yong; Zhong, Lei] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Fisheries, Hunan Engn Technol Res Ctr Featured Aquat Resource, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Shi, Yong] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Hydrobiol, State Key Lab Breeding Biotechnol & Sustainable Aq, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhong, L ; Shi, Y] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Fisheries, Hunan Engn Technol Res Ctr Featured Aquat Resource, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Grass carp;Sanguinarine;Bile acid metabolism;Growth performance;Liver and intestinal health
摘要：
This study was undertaken to reduce reliance on imported soybeans, enhance aquaculture industry resilience, and seek functional soybean meal substitutes. Seven hundred fifty juvenile grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) (initial weight: 24.00 ± 0.00 g) were assigned to five diets—soybean meal (SM), cottonseed meal (CM), cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC), and CM with 375 or 825 μg/kg (CMS1 or CMS2) sanguinarine—and, after eight weeks, evaluated for growth, liver and intestinal health, and bile acid metabolism. The results demonstrated that the CMS1 or CMS2 group significantly increased WGR and SGR, reduced FCR, enhanced serum and bile biochemical indices compared with CM group. Besides, histopathological examination of the CM group revealed hepatocellular damage, increased lipid droplet accumulation, elevated glycogen deposition, and more severe fibrosis, along with degeneration of gallbladder columnar epithelium; these lesions were markedly attenuated in the CMS1 and CMS2 groups. In the CM group, intestinal villi and microvilli were disrupted, goblet cell counts declined, and macrophage infiltration alongside widened tight junctions was evident; CMS1 and CMS2 groups markedly restored mucosal architecture to levels comparable with the SM and CPC groups. Finally, the CM group exhibited significant upregulation of lipogenic genes ( PPAR-γ , SREBP1 , FAS , ACC1 , SCD and DGAT ), alongside moderate increases in lipolytic genes ( ATGL , HSL , LXR , PPAR-α , CPT , and APOE ) relative to SM, CMS1, and CMS2 groups. Dietary sanguinarine supplementation markedly enhanced bile acid metabolism, as demonstrated by the upregulation of ABCC2 , ABCB11b , CYP7A1 , CYP7b1 , FGF19 , TGR5 , SLC10A2 and CCK , together with the concomitant downregulation of SHP . Our findings demonstrate that supplementation of sanguinarine in cottonseed meal diets ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation, bile acid dysregulation, and tissue damage by suppressing the LXR–PPAR–SREBP1 lipogenic pathway and activating the FXR–SHP/FGF19–CYP7A1 regulatory axis, ultimately enhancing liver and intestinal health and promoting growth performance in grass carp.
This study was undertaken to reduce reliance on imported soybeans, enhance aquaculture industry resilience, and seek functional soybean meal substitutes. Seven hundred fifty juvenile grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) (initial weight: 24.00 ± 0.00 g) were assigned to five diets—soybean meal (SM), cottonseed meal (CM), cottonseed protein concentrate (CPC), and CM with 375 or 825 μg/kg (CMS1 or CMS2) sanguinarine—and, after eight weeks, evaluated for growth, liver and intestinal health, and bile acid metabolism. The results demonstrated that the CMS1 or CMS2 group significantly increased WGR and SGR, reduced FCR, enhanced serum and bile biochemical indices compared with CM group. Besides, histopathological examination of the CM group revealed hepatocellular damage, increased lipid droplet accumulation, elevated glycogen deposition, and more severe fibrosis, along with degeneration of gallbladder columnar epithelium; these lesions were markedly attenuated in the CMS1 and CMS2 groups. In the CM group, intestinal villi and microvilli were disrupted, goblet cell counts declined, and macrophage infiltration alongside widened tight junctions was evident; CMS1 and CMS2 groups markedly restored mucosal architecture to levels comparable with the SM and CPC groups. Finally, the CM group exhibited significant upregulation of lipogenic genes ( PPAR-γ , SREBP1 , FAS , ACC1 , SCD and DGAT ), alongside moderate increases in lipolytic genes ( ATGL , HSL , LXR , PPAR-α , CPT , and APOE ) relative to SM, CMS1, and CMS2 groups. Dietary sanguinarine supplementation markedly enhanced bile acid metabolism, as demonstrated by the upregulation of ABCC2 , ABCB11b , CYP7A1 , CYP7b1 , FGF19 , TGR5 , SLC10A2 and CCK , together with the concomitant downregulation of SHP . Our findings demonstrate that supplementation of sanguinarine in cottonseed meal diets ameliorates hepatic lipid accumulation, bile acid dysregulation, and tissue damage by suppressing the LXR–PPAR–SREBP1 lipogenic pathway and activating the FXR–SHP/FGF19–CYP7A1 regulatory axis, ultimately enhancing liver and intestinal health and promoting growth performance in grass carp.
摘要：
While comprehensive transcriptomic characterization of muscle development during the hatching stage remains limited, we conducted an integrated analysis of coding and non-coding RNA profiles in the pectoral muscles of Arbor Acres (AA) broilers and TaoYuan (TY) chickens at embryonic days 17 ( E17 ), 19 ( E19 ), and 21 ( E21 ). Our findings revealed notable phenotypic differences: AA broilers exhibited greater embryo weight and larger muscle fiber cross-sectional areas compared to TY chickens. Across three developmental stages, we identified 4,577 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ), 143 differentially expressed microRNAs ( DEMs ), 90 differentially expressed circRNAs ( DECs ), and 3,159 differentially expressed lncRNAs ( DELs ). By integrating weighted gene co-expression network ( WGCNA ) analysis with differential expression profiling, we prioritized five coding genes ( FOSL2, PDE4B, TRIB1, THBS1 , and FBXO32 ) as key regulators of muscle development. Pathway enrichment analysis further revealed significant activation of the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway in TY chickens, likely supporting the energy demands of shell pipping. To elucidate transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, we constructed competing endogenous RNA ( ceRNA ) networks based on miRanda predictions. This analysis identified four microRNAs (gga-miR-206, gga-miR-383-3p, gga-miR-449a, and gga-miR-449c-5p) that may modulate developmental genes through lncRNA and circRNA mediated sponge interactions. These ceRNA networks provide novel insights and a valuable framework for investigating the molecular regulation of embryonic muscle development in AA broilers and TY chickens.
While comprehensive transcriptomic characterization of muscle development during the hatching stage remains limited, we conducted an integrated analysis of coding and non-coding RNA profiles in the pectoral muscles of Arbor Acres (AA) broilers and TaoYuan (TY) chickens at embryonic days 17 ( E17 ), 19 ( E19 ), and 21 ( E21 ). Our findings revealed notable phenotypic differences: AA broilers exhibited greater embryo weight and larger muscle fiber cross-sectional areas compared to TY chickens. Across three developmental stages, we identified 4,577 differentially expressed genes ( DEGs ), 143 differentially expressed microRNAs ( DEMs ), 90 differentially expressed circRNAs ( DECs ), and 3,159 differentially expressed lncRNAs ( DELs ). By integrating weighted gene co-expression network ( WGCNA ) analysis with differential expression profiling, we prioritized five coding genes ( FOSL2, PDE4B, TRIB1, THBS1 , and FBXO32 ) as key regulators of muscle development. Pathway enrichment analysis further revealed significant activation of the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway in TY chickens, likely supporting the energy demands of shell pipping. To elucidate transcriptional regulatory mechanisms, we constructed competing endogenous RNA ( ceRNA ) networks based on miRanda predictions. This analysis identified four microRNAs (gga-miR-206, gga-miR-383-3p, gga-miR-449a, and gga-miR-449c-5p) that may modulate developmental genes through lncRNA and circRNA mediated sponge interactions. These ceRNA networks provide novel insights and a valuable framework for investigating the molecular regulation of embryonic muscle development in AA broilers and TY chickens.
作者机构：
[Li, Yanqun; Tan, Fengming; Zou, Jiangying] Dongguan EnlifeStem cell Biotechnol Res Inst, Dongguan, Peoples R China.;[Li, Yanqun; Tan, Fengming; Zou, Jiangying] Dongguan New type Res & Dev Inst, Dongguan, Guangdong, Peoples R China.;[Han, Qipeng] Yuanpin Cell Biotechnol Grp Co Ltd, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Han, Qipeng] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Changsha, Peoples R China.;[Chen, Shayan; Wu, Zhihuang; Chen, Yanqing] Binhaiwan Cent Hosp Dongguan, Cent Lab, Dongguan, Guangdong, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, MY ] N;[Zou, JY ] D;Dongguan EnlifeStem cell Biotechnol Res Inst, Dongguan, Peoples R China.;Dongguan New type Res & Dev Inst, Dongguan, Guangdong, Peoples R China.;Natl Engn Res Ctr Fdn Technol CGT Ind, Shenzhen, Peoples R China.
作者机构：
College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China;Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China;[Bolin Zhong; Beibei Wang; Yaxing Liu; Di Zhao; Xi He; Zehe Song; Kun Xie] College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Kun Xie] C;College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
关键词：
Wooden breast myopathy;meat quality;muscle fiber;ANT1;mitochondrial function;mitochondrial autophagy
摘要：
Wooden breast (WB) myopathy has become a critical quality defect in modern broiler chickens, primarily due to rapid growth driven by selective breeding. This myopathy negatively impacts the appearance, texture, and functionality of breast meat, resulting in significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The underlying pathology of WB myopathy involves metabolic dysregulation, including ATP deficits, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism imbalance, and impaired protein homeostasis. These issues are further aggravated by hypoxia, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis, leading to the characteristic muscle hardness and reduced meat quality. In this study, we evaluated adenine nucleotide translocator protein 1 (ANT1) as a key regulator of WB myopathy in severe WB samples from Arbor Acres broilers (n = 16). WB-affected muscles exhibited significant metabolic alterations, including ATP depletion, impaired fatty acid metabolism, and a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, accompanied by the upregulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1, markers of muscle atrophy. Similarly, ANT1 -deficient C2C12 cells demonstrated impaired fatty acid metabolism, reduced ATP production, and increased autophagic activity. Interestingly, while ANT1 deficiency enhanced autophagy in vitro, WB-affected muscle tissue exhibited paradoxical autophagy impairment, suggesting that protein degradation dysfunction in WB is not directly related to ANT1 deficiency. Further analysis revealed that enhancing autophagy through rapamycin treatment in ANT1 -deficient C2C12 cells restored ATP levels and partially rescued fatty acid metabolism. These findings, based on severe WB cases from Arbor Acres broilers at a single time point, suggest that ANT1 dysfunction may be one contributing factor to impaired autophagy-mediated muscle metabolic regeneration. However, these results should be interpreted as a preliminary piece of the broader mechanistic puzzle rather than a definitive explanation. Further studies across different severities, sampling times, and broiler strains are required before considering autophagy-targeted interventions as a viable strategy for WB mitigation.
Wooden breast (WB) myopathy has become a critical quality defect in modern broiler chickens, primarily due to rapid growth driven by selective breeding. This myopathy negatively impacts the appearance, texture, and functionality of breast meat, resulting in significant economic losses to the poultry industry. The underlying pathology of WB myopathy involves metabolic dysregulation, including ATP deficits, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism imbalance, and impaired protein homeostasis. These issues are further aggravated by hypoxia, chronic inflammation, and fibrosis, leading to the characteristic muscle hardness and reduced meat quality. In this study, we evaluated adenine nucleotide translocator protein 1 (ANT1) as a key regulator of WB myopathy in severe WB samples from Arbor Acres broilers (n = 16). WB-affected muscles exhibited significant metabolic alterations, including ATP depletion, impaired fatty acid metabolism, and a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, accompanied by the upregulation of atrogin-1 and MuRF1, markers of muscle atrophy. Similarly, ANT1 -deficient C2C12 cells demonstrated impaired fatty acid metabolism, reduced ATP production, and increased autophagic activity. Interestingly, while ANT1 deficiency enhanced autophagy in vitro, WB-affected muscle tissue exhibited paradoxical autophagy impairment, suggesting that protein degradation dysfunction in WB is not directly related to ANT1 deficiency. Further analysis revealed that enhancing autophagy through rapamycin treatment in ANT1 -deficient C2C12 cells restored ATP levels and partially rescued fatty acid metabolism. These findings, based on severe WB cases from Arbor Acres broilers at a single time point, suggest that ANT1 dysfunction may be one contributing factor to impaired autophagy-mediated muscle metabolic regeneration. However, these results should be interpreted as a preliminary piece of the broader mechanistic puzzle rather than a definitive explanation. Further studies across different severities, sampling times, and broiler strains are required before considering autophagy-targeted interventions as a viable strategy for WB mitigation.
摘要：
Phytosterols (PSs) are widely present in plants, particularly abundant in plant oils and seeds. PSs are reported to have various biological activities, such as lowering cholesterol, alongside antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This research examined the effects of PSs in finishing pigs, including growth performance, serum biochemistry, and fecal bacteria. Two treatment groups (each treatment group consisted of five biological replicates, and each replicate comprised five pigs housed communally) were randomly assigned to the fifty finishing pigs (equally divided by sex) of "Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire" three-way cross with 79.76 ± 1.29 (kg) body weight. The control group (CON) was given basic food, while the experimental group was given basic food containing 300 mg PS/kg (PS). Dietary PS supplementation markedly raised the levels of average daily feed intake (ADFI) and apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and gross energy (GE) in comparison to the CON (p < 0.05). Additionally, PSs also significantly boosted the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total protein (TP), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), immunoglobulin G (IgG), motilin (MTL), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (p < 0.05), and lowered the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (p < 0.05). Both at the phyla and genus levels, the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Streptococcus increased significantly, and the relative abundance of Acinetobacter decreased significantly when adding phytosterols (p < 0.05). Overall, phytosterols dietary supplementation promotes immunity and antioxidant capacity in finishing pigs and boosts growth performance by improving nutrient digestibility.
摘要：
The potential of cold plasma (CP) treatment to promote the formation of amyloid fibrils (AFs) of ovalbumin (OVA) was evaluated relative to acidic heat fibrillation condition (pH = 2, 85 °C). Results indicated CP exhibited significant potential for promoting the formation of AFs of OVA, as evidenced by higher Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence intensity of AFs for CP-treated OVA (POVA) during the fibrillation process compared to AFs for native OVA under acidic heating conditions (NOVA). Long, curved and worm-like fibrils of CP-treated OVA with 2 min (POVA-2), which were thicker (3 nm in height) and longer (majority length ranging from 300 nm to 400 nm), were observed after 8 h of fibrillation, while irregular, short, worm-like fibrils of NOVA were detected. Unlike NOVA, which was only hydrolyzed into small peptides, the backbone of POVA-2 was cleaved into small peptide fragments, accompanied by the generation of dityrosine cross-linked aggregation/oligomer during fibrillation process, as evidenced by SDS-PAGE and dityrosine analysis. The result of hydrophobic, sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds, and dityrosine analysis showed hydrophobic interaction and dityrosine cross-links could be the main force driving the assembly and stacking of cross-β structures, leading to the formation of organized fibrillar structures for POVA-2, while only hydrophobic interaction was involved for NOVA. Additionally, analyses of emulsifying ability (EAI) and stability (ESI) of NOVA and POVA-2 displayed that both EAI and ESI of them were significantly improved, with POVA-2 exhibiting superior EAI compared to NOVA. Therefore, this study demonstrated CP is a promising technique to promote the generation of protein amyloid fibrils in a more efficient manner.
The potential of cold plasma (CP) treatment to promote the formation of amyloid fibrils (AFs) of ovalbumin (OVA) was evaluated relative to acidic heat fibrillation condition (pH = 2, 85 °C). Results indicated CP exhibited significant potential for promoting the formation of AFs of OVA, as evidenced by higher Thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence intensity of AFs for CP-treated OVA (POVA) during the fibrillation process compared to AFs for native OVA under acidic heating conditions (NOVA). Long, curved and worm-like fibrils of CP-treated OVA with 2 min (POVA-2), which were thicker (3 nm in height) and longer (majority length ranging from 300 nm to 400 nm), were observed after 8 h of fibrillation, while irregular, short, worm-like fibrils of NOVA were detected. Unlike NOVA, which was only hydrolyzed into small peptides, the backbone of POVA-2 was cleaved into small peptide fragments, accompanied by the generation of dityrosine cross-linked aggregation/oligomer during fibrillation process, as evidenced by SDS-PAGE and dityrosine analysis. The result of hydrophobic, sulfhydryl and disulfide bonds, and dityrosine analysis showed hydrophobic interaction and dityrosine cross-links could be the main force driving the assembly and stacking of cross-β structures, leading to the formation of organized fibrillar structures for POVA-2, while only hydrophobic interaction was involved for NOVA. Additionally, analyses of emulsifying ability (EAI) and stability (ESI) of NOVA and POVA-2 displayed that both EAI and ESI of them were significantly improved, with POVA-2 exhibiting superior EAI compared to NOVA. Therefore, this study demonstrated CP is a promising technique to promote the generation of protein amyloid fibrils in a more efficient manner.
期刊：
Journal of Advanced Research,2025年70:323-338 ISSN：2090-1232
通讯作者：
Xuan Zhao<&wdkj&>Miaomiao Wu<&wdkj&>Yaoyao Xia
作者机构：
[Li, Yikun; Chen, Yating; "Liu, Yun] College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;[Wu, Zifang] College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;[Li, Yikun] College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China;[Zhao, Xuan] College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China. Electronic address: zhaoxuann@swu.edu.cn;[Wu, Miaomiao] Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China. Electronic address: miaomiaowu0316@hunau.edu.cn
通讯机构：
[Xuan Zhao; Yaoyao Xia] C;[Miaomiao Wu] A;College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China<&wdkj&>Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
摘要：
Background Endothelial cell (EC) metabolism plays a crucial role in the process of angiogenesis. Intrinsic metabolic events such as glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and glutamine metabolism, support secure vascular migration and proliferation, energy and biomass production, as well as redox homeostasis maintenance during vessel formation. Nevertheless, perturbation of EC metabolism instigates vascular dysregulation-associated diseases, especially cancer.
Endothelial cell (EC) metabolism plays a crucial role in the process of angiogenesis. Intrinsic metabolic events such as glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and glutamine metabolism, support secure vascular migration and proliferation, energy and biomass production, as well as redox homeostasis maintenance during vessel formation. Nevertheless, perturbation of EC metabolism instigates vascular dysregulation-associated diseases, especially cancer.
Aim of review In this review, we aim to discuss the metabolic regulation of angiogenesis by EC metabolites and metabolic enzymes, as well as prospect the possible therapeutic opportunities and strategies targeting EC metabolism.
In this review, we aim to discuss the metabolic regulation of angiogenesis by EC metabolites and metabolic enzymes, as well as prospect the possible therapeutic opportunities and strategies targeting EC metabolism.
Key scientific concepts of review In this work, we discuss various aspects of EC metabolism considering normal and diseased vasculature. Of relevance, we highlight that the implications of EC metabolism-targeted intervention (chiefly by metabolic enzymes or metabolites) could be harnessed in orchestrating a spectrum of pathological angiogenesis-associated diseases.
In this work, we discuss various aspects of EC metabolism considering normal and diseased vasculature. Of relevance, we highlight that the implications of EC metabolism-targeted intervention (chiefly by metabolic enzymes or metabolites) could be harnessed in orchestrating a spectrum of pathological angiogenesis-associated diseases.
摘要：
Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection is a major cause of coccidiosis in chickens, leading to significant economic losses in the poultry industry due to its impact on the cecum. This study presents a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the chicken cecal epithelium by generating 7,394 cells using 10X Genomics single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). We identified 13 distinct cell types, including key immune and epithelial populations, and characterized their gene expression profiles and cell-cell communication networks. Integration of this single-cell data with bulk RNA-seq data from E. tenella-infected chickens revealed significant alterations in cell type composition and state, particularly a marked decrease in APOB(+) enterocytes and an increase in cycling T cells during infection. Trajectory analysis of APOB(+) enterocytes uncovered shifts toward cellular states associated with cell death and a reduction in those linked to mitochondrial and cytoplasmic protection when infected with E. tenella. These findings highlight the substantial impact of E. tenella on epithelial integrity and immune responses, emphasizing the parasite's role in disrupting nutrient absorption and energy metabolism. Our single-cell atlas serves as a critical resource for understanding the cellular architecture of the chicken cecum and provides a valuable framework for future investigations into cecal diseases and metabolic functions, with potential applications in enhancing poultry health and productivity.
摘要：
Introduction: Impaired intestinal immune function is commonly observed in neonates with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), yet its underlying mechanisms and regulatory pathways remain poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate gene regulatory patterns and microbiota alterations in IUGR piglets.<&wdkj&>Methods: Three newborn IUGR piglets and three normal littermates were selected from the same sow and sacrificed at seven days of age. Ileal digesta was collected for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (16S-seq), and ileum segments were dissociated for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq).<&wdkj&>Results: The scRNA-seq results revealed a reduced proportion of plasma B cells in IUGR piglets, along with alterations in the distribution of various T cell subsets. KEGG pathway analysis further indicated a downregulation of the B cell receptor signaling pathway in B cells from IUGR piglets. In contrast, both the T cell receptor signaling pathway and antigen processing and presentation were attenuated in T cells. Pseudotime trajectory analysis suggested that the differentiation of B cells was impaired in IUGR piglets. SCENIC analysis revealed that GATA3, IRF2, and BCL11A were downregulated in T cells of IUGR piglets. The 16S-seq results revealed that α-diversity was lower in IUGR piglets. At the genus level, the relative abundance of Prevotella was significantly lower in IUGR piglets.<&wdkj&>Discussion: Significant changes were identified in the proportions of B and T cells, their associated signaling pathways, and intestinal microbiota composition in IUGR piglets, suggesting underlying immune dysfunction and dysbiosis.<&wdkj&>Conclusion: We identified novel immune-related transcription factors and key microbes as potential therapeutic targets, shedding light on strategies for preventing and treating IUGR.
期刊：
JOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS,2025年142(2):223-236 ISSN：0931-2668
通讯作者：
Zhang, Z
作者机构：
[Wei, Chen; Gao, Yahui; Li, Jiaqi; Zhang, Zhe; Cai, Xiaodian; Zhang, Wenjing] South China Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci, Natl Engn Res Ctr Breeding Swine Ind, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Agroanim Genom & Mol Breed, Guangzhou, Peoples R China.;[Gao, Ning] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Changsha, Peoples R China.;[Wu, Xibo; Si, Jinglei] Guangxi State Farmd Yongxin Anim Husb Grp Co Ltd, Nanning, Peoples R China.;[Yin, Tong] Justus Liebig Univ, Inst Anim Breeding & Genet, Giessen, Germany.;[Zhang, Z] South China Agr Univ, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, Guangzhou 510642, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhang, Z ] S;South China Agr Univ, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, Guangzhou 510642, Peoples R China.
关键词：
combined population;genomic prediction;heritability enrichment;meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies
摘要：
The strategy of combining reference populations has been widely recognized as an effective way to enhance the accuracy of genomic prediction (GP). This study investigated the efficiency of genomic prediction using prior information and combined reference population. In total, prior information considering trait-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS meta-analysis) was incorporated into three models to assess the performance of GP using combined reference populations. Two different Yorkshire populations with imputed whole genome sequence (WGS) data (9,741,620 SNPs), named as P1 (1259 individuals) and P2 (1018 individuals), were used to predict genomic estimated breeding values for three live carcass traits, including backfat thickness, loin muscle area, and loin muscle depth. A 10 × 5 fold cross-validation was used to evaluate the prediction accuracy of 203 randomly selected candidate pigs from the P2 population and the reference population consisted of the remaining pigs from P2 and the stepwise added pigs from P1. By integrating SNPs with different p-value thresholds from GWAS meta-analysis downloaded from PigGTEx Project, the prediction accuracy of GBLUP, genomic feature BLUP (GFBLUP) and GBLUP given genetic architecture (BLUP|GA) were compared. Moreover, we explored effects of reference population size and heritability enrichment of genomic features on the prediction accuracy improvement of GFBLUP and BLUP|GA relative to GBLUP. The prediction accuracy of GBLUP using all WGS markers showed average improvement of 4.380% using the P1 + P2 reference population compared with the P2 reference population. Using the combined reference population, GFBLUP and BLUP|GA yielded 6.179% and 5.525% higher accuracies than GBLUP using all SNPs based on the single reference population, respectively. Positive regression coefficients were estimated in relation to the improvement in prediction accuracy (between GFBLUP/BLUP|GA and GBLUP) and the size of the reference as well as the heritability enrichment of genomic features. Compared to the classic GBLUP model, GFBLUP and BLUP|GA models integrating GWAS meta-analysis information increase the prediction accuracy and using combined populations with enlarged reference population size further enhances prediction accuracy of the two approaches. The heritability enrichment of genomic features can be used as an indicator to reflect weather prior information is accurately presented.
作者机构：
Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China;[Yanna Ma; Zhiying Zhao; Liangyuan Peng; Shuchao Liao] Institute of Yunnan Circular Agricultural Industry, Pu’er 665000, China;[Haiming Ma] College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China;Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
通讯机构：
[Hongjiang Wei] F;Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China<&wdkj&>Yunnan Province Key Laboratory for Porcine Gene Editing and Xenotransplantation, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650500, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
摘要：
The spleen is essential for immunity, mediating host defense against pathogens and regulating immunological homeostasis. Western-style diets commonly cause the aggregation of body fat and the emergence of obesity. This state might lead to damage to the spleen’s functions. However, the effects of Western-style diets on gene expression and metabolic regulation in the spleen have not yet been fully explored. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or standard chow (CHFD) for 10 weeks starting at 8 weeks old. Weekly weights were recorded, and spleens were weighed at 18 weeks. The results showed that HFD mice had significantly higher body weights from 12 weeks (p < 0.05) and a higher splenic index at 18 weeks (p < 0.01). HE staining revealed disrupted spleen structures and infarcted areas in the HFD group. Transcriptome sequencing highlighted immune-related pathways, including inflammatory response and interleukin-6 production. Among the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), PCK1, ALDH9A1, and ALDH7A1 were significantly upregulated in the HFD group, whereas PLA2G2F and PLA2G4F exhibited significant downregulation. APOB emerged as a key hub gene in PPI analysis. Metabolomics analysis identified significantly different metabolites (SDMs), including Rifamycins, 7-Ketodeoxycholic Acid, Folinic Acid, and Lotaustralin, as key biomarkers for an HFD, while 1-Methylnicotinamide and Prostaglandin E1 were significant for CHFD. KEGG enrichment linked glycerophospholipid and arachidonic acid metabolism to both transcriptome and metabolome results. The joint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome data revealed that SLC22A8 was negatively correlated with Biliverdin and 1-methylnicotinamide, and MCPT1 was inversely correlated with 7-Ketodeoxycholic Acid. These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanisms and metabolites that influence spleen immunity and systemic immune homeostasis.
作者机构：
These authors contributed equally to this work.;Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Products Quality Regulation of Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China;Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima 8900065, Japan;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
通讯机构：
[Chen Zhang; Xiongzhuo Tang] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Products Quality Regulation of Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for the Products Quality Regulation of Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Institute of Yunnan Circular Agricultural Industry, Pu’er 665000, China<&wdkj&>Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Product Safety, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230011, China
摘要：
The probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus fermentum ZC529 (L.f ZC529) has been identified from the colon of the Diannan small-ear (DSE) pig, but its intestinal protective function still lacks investigation. Here, we established a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced intestinal oxidative stress model in both Drosophila and porcine small intestinal epithelial (IPEC-J2) cell lines to explore the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of L.f ZC529. The data showed that the intestinal colonization of L.f ZC529 counteracted DSS-induced intestinal oxidative stress and excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by activation of the CncC pathway, a homology of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in mammalian systems. Moreover, L.f ZC529 supplementation prevented flies from DSS-induced intestinal barrier damage, inflammation, abnormal excretory function, and shortened lifespan. Finally, L.f ZC529 also attenuated DSS-induced intestinal injury in the IPEC-J2 cell line by activating the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathways. Together, this study unraveled the profound intestinal protective function of L.f ZC529 and provides its potential application as a new antioxidant in improving animal intestinal health as well as in developing a new probiotic in the food industry.
摘要：
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary isatidis root polysaccharide (IRP) on diarrhea, immunity, and intestinal health in weanling piglets. Forty healthy piglets were randomly assigned to five groups receiving varying dosages of IRP. The findings indicated that different concentrations of IRP significantly reduced diarrhea scores (p < 0.01). Notably, the serum levels of immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G increased linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01), while immunoglobulin M also showed a linear increase (p < 0.05) in IRP-fed piglets. The secretory immunoglobulin A levels in ileal contents were significantly higher compared to control piglets (p < 0.01). Key intestinal health parameters, including villus height, villus height-to-crypt depth ratio, and goblet cell numbers, showed linear and quadratic increases in both the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05), while crypt depth decreased significantly (p < 0.01). Additionally, the expression of IL-10, ZO-1, occludin, and mucin2 was upregulated linearly and quadratically in IRP-fed piglets (p < 0.05). In cultured IPEC-J2 cells, ZO-1 and occludin expression levels significantly increased upon exposure to 400 μg/mL IRP (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the relative abundances of Escherichia coli, Ralstonia pickettii, and Desulfovibrio fairfieldensis decreased linearly with increasing dietary IRP concentration. In conclusion, IRP shows promise as an effective dietary supplement for mitigating diarrhea and enhancing intestinal health in early weaned piglets.
通讯机构：
[Deliang Li] H;Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
摘要：
The rising cost of fish meal (FM) in aquaculture feed has prompted the search for alternative protein sources like soybean meal (SBM). However, SBM-based diets can negatively affect fish growth, lipid metabolism, and intestinal health. One possible solution is to add cholesterol to SBM-based feeds to mitigate these adverse effects, but the optimal levels and the resulting benefits remain unclear. In this study, the impact of adding cholesterol to low FM and high soybean protein diets on the growth, lipid metabolism, and intestinal health of Monopterus albus was evaluated. Juvenile M. albus (initial body weight of 20.00 ± 0.02 g) were fed a control diet with 42% FM + 22% SBM diet (FM group), 22% FM + 52% SBM diet (SBM group), and the SBM diet supplemented with 5 g/kg or 10 g/kg cholesterol (SBC5 and SBC10 groups, respectively). The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were significantly lower in the SBM group compared to the FM group, but WGR increased with the addition of 10 g/kg cholesterol. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities increased significantly in the SBM group, indicating liver stress, but returned to normal levels in the SBC10 group. Cholesterol supplementation also improved serum and liver lipid profiles and significantly increased the contents of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in serum and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the liver. In addition, cholesterol supplementation increased the activities of intestinal enzymes (e.g., amylase) and restored the structural integrity of the intestinal lining, including villus height and goblet cell count. Additionally, the SBC10 group exhibited a richer and more diverse intestinal microbiota, with increased abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. These findings demonstrate that supplementing 10 g/kg cholesterol in a high SBM diet improves growth performance, lipid metabolism, intestinal health, and gut microbiota composition in M. albus. This study provides a practical food-borne strategy to enhance the use of plant-based proteins in aquaculture while mitigating their negative effects, contributing to the sustainability of fish farming.
通讯机构：
[Wu, MM ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Anim Nutr Genome & Germplasm Innovat Res Ctr, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
High fat diet;Obesity;Gut microbiome;Colitis;Goblet cell
摘要：
Obesity and its associated comorbidities have emerged as a major public health crisis. Accumulating evidence indicates that a high fat diet (HFD) may promote intestinal injury. However, the roles of intestinal goblet cells and specific gut microbiota composition in colitis under obesity conditions remain unclear. In this study, we employed a HFD-induced obesity model combined with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis in mice. Our results reveal that obesity exacerbates DSS-induced colitis in the colon, as evidenced by increased intestinal barrier injury. These changes are associated with impaired goblet cell maturation, reduced mucus production, and a disrupted microbiota composition, notably characterized by an enrichment of pro-inflammatory bacteria Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. In vitro , combined HFD and DSS treatment suppresses mucus secretion and alters the metabolic profile of LS174T cells, particularly affecting amino acid metabolism. Collectively, our findings reveal that HFD-induced obesity aggravates colitis severity, involving disruption of goblet cell function and gut microbial homeostasis, highlighting the importance of dietary intervention in obese individuals to alleviate intestinal inflammation.
Obesity and its associated comorbidities have emerged as a major public health crisis. Accumulating evidence indicates that a high fat diet (HFD) may promote intestinal injury. However, the roles of intestinal goblet cells and specific gut microbiota composition in colitis under obesity conditions remain unclear. In this study, we employed a HFD-induced obesity model combined with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis in mice. Our results reveal that obesity exacerbates DSS-induced colitis in the colon, as evidenced by increased intestinal barrier injury. These changes are associated with impaired goblet cell maturation, reduced mucus production, and a disrupted microbiota composition, notably characterized by an enrichment of pro-inflammatory bacteria Escherichia-Shigella and Helicobacter. In vitro , combined HFD and DSS treatment suppresses mucus secretion and alters the metabolic profile of LS174T cells, particularly affecting amino acid metabolism. Collectively, our findings reveal that HFD-induced obesity aggravates colitis severity, involving disruption of goblet cell function and gut microbial homeostasis, highlighting the importance of dietary intervention in obese individuals to alleviate intestinal inflammation.
通讯机构：
[Liu, M ; Huang, P ] H;[Huang, P] Y;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;Yuelushan Lab, Changsha 410000, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
The perinatal period (from late gestation to the neonatal stage) in ruminants is a critical phase for fetal organ maturation, where ecological succession of gastrointestinal microbial communities significantly impacts livestock production efficiency. However, research remains insufficient regarding the distribution patterns and functional annotation of microbial communities across different gastrointestinal compartments during this period. This study characterized early microbiota dynamics in Hutianshi Goats using 16S rRNA sequencing (4 fetal goats at 90 ± 10 gestational days) and metagenomics (3 7-day-old goatkids). The fetal goat group generated 852,694 valid reads, yielding 688,277 high-quality reads after chimera removal for downstream analysis. The 7-day-old goat kids group produced 1,081,588,182 final valid reads, after data processing and assembly, 8,561,345 contigs were generated. Gene prediction identified 6,095,352 genes. Multi-database annotations (NR, KEGG, CAZy, etc.) revealed functional potential and antimicrobial resistance traits. The public release of this dataset facilitates academic understanding of microbial community dynamics and host-microbe interactions during this developmental stage, providing both theoretical foundations and data resources for ruminant developmental biology and precision breeding regulation.
摘要：
This study explored the optimal dietary available phosphorus (P) requirement for juvenile Asian red-tailed catfish ( Hemibagrus wyckioides ). Five isonitrogenous (42.00 %) and isolipidic (9.00 %) diets with monocalcium phosphate supplementation levels of 0.00 %, 0.75 %, 1.50 %, 2.25 %, and 3.00 % (namely P0, P0.75, P1.5, P2.25, and P3) were fed to fish for 56 d. Weight gain rate increased with phosphorus supplementation up to 2.25 % and then declined. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of phosphorus and calcium, as well as the phosphorus and calcium contents in the whole body and vertebrae, exhibited a positive correlation with dietary phosphorus levels, while the expression of intestinal genes related to phosphorus transport and metabolism showed a negative correlation with increasing dietary phosphorus levels. Using quadratic regression, the optimal phosphorus requirement was estimated at 0.87 % based on weight gain and 0.99 % based on vertebrae phosphorus content. Whole body crude lipid content and serum total cholesterol was significantly lower in P1.5, P2.25, and P3 compared to the P0 and P0.75 group ( P < 0.05 ). Liver lipid droplet volume and number were markedly reduced in P2.25 compared to the P0 group. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in stunted growth, reduced bone mineralization, and increased lipid accumulation in whole-body tissue and the liver. These findings provide practical guidance for phosphorus supplementation in H . wyckioides aquaculture, optimizing growth and bone mineralization while minimizing excess phosphorus in feeds.
This study explored the optimal dietary available phosphorus (P) requirement for juvenile Asian red-tailed catfish ( Hemibagrus wyckioides ). Five isonitrogenous (42.00 %) and isolipidic (9.00 %) diets with monocalcium phosphate supplementation levels of 0.00 %, 0.75 %, 1.50 %, 2.25 %, and 3.00 % (namely P0, P0.75, P1.5, P2.25, and P3) were fed to fish for 56 d. Weight gain rate increased with phosphorus supplementation up to 2.25 % and then declined. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of phosphorus and calcium, as well as the phosphorus and calcium contents in the whole body and vertebrae, exhibited a positive correlation with dietary phosphorus levels, while the expression of intestinal genes related to phosphorus transport and metabolism showed a negative correlation with increasing dietary phosphorus levels. Using quadratic regression, the optimal phosphorus requirement was estimated at 0.87 % based on weight gain and 0.99 % based on vertebrae phosphorus content. Whole body crude lipid content and serum total cholesterol was significantly lower in P1.5, P2.25, and P3 compared to the P0 and P0.75 group ( P < 0.05 ). Liver lipid droplet volume and number were markedly reduced in P2.25 compared to the P0 group. Phosphorus deficiency resulted in stunted growth, reduced bone mineralization, and increased lipid accumulation in whole-body tissue and the liver. These findings provide practical guidance for phosphorus supplementation in H . wyckioides aquaculture, optimizing growth and bone mineralization while minimizing excess phosphorus in feeds.
摘要：
The complement system, a critical component of innate immunity in fish, plays a pivotal role in the defense against Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) infection in grass carp. This study explores the structural characteristics of C1S , a crucial molecule in the classical pathway of the complement system, and its involvement in the response to GCRV infection. We found that the grass carp C1S gene comprises six domains similar to those in mammals: two CUB (Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1) domains, two CCP (Complement control protein) domains, one EGFCA (Calcium-binding epidermal growth factor) domain, and one Tryp_SPc (Trypsin‐like serine protease) domain, albeit without chromosomal collinearity to humans. Comparative analysis revealed that the identity and similarity of this gene with those in other species range from 30.6 to 89.4 % and 30.7–89.7 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis positioned C1S in close relation with R. klamathensis and D. rerio . Tissue expression profiles in both healthy and GCRV-infected grass carp indicated primary expression of C1S in the liver, with expression peaks at day 7 post-infection in the liver and spleen, and at day 5 in the kidney. Functional assays demonstrated that C1S activates the complement system via cleavage of complement component 3 (C3) into C3b, further inhibiting GCRV replication and upregulating antiviral genes IFN1 , IRF3 , and IRF7 . These findings elucidate the mechanism by which the complement system mediates resistance to GCRV infection in grass carp, offering a substantial theoretical foundation for further research.
The complement system, a critical component of innate immunity in fish, plays a pivotal role in the defense against Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) infection in grass carp. This study explores the structural characteristics of C1S , a crucial molecule in the classical pathway of the complement system, and its involvement in the response to GCRV infection. We found that the grass carp C1S gene comprises six domains similar to those in mammals: two CUB (Complement C1r/C1s, Uegf, Bmp1) domains, two CCP (Complement control protein) domains, one EGFCA (Calcium-binding epidermal growth factor) domain, and one Tryp_SPc (Trypsin‐like serine protease) domain, albeit without chromosomal collinearity to humans. Comparative analysis revealed that the identity and similarity of this gene with those in other species range from 30.6 to 89.4 % and 30.7–89.7 %, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis positioned C1S in close relation with R. klamathensis and D. rerio . Tissue expression profiles in both healthy and GCRV-infected grass carp indicated primary expression of C1S in the liver, with expression peaks at day 7 post-infection in the liver and spleen, and at day 5 in the kidney. Functional assays demonstrated that C1S activates the complement system via cleavage of complement component 3 (C3) into C3b, further inhibiting GCRV replication and upregulating antiviral genes IFN1 , IRF3 , and IRF7 . These findings elucidate the mechanism by which the complement system mediates resistance to GCRV infection in grass carp, offering a substantial theoretical foundation for further research.
