黄山贡菊抗氧化活性成分提取工艺优化与HPLC MS分析
作者:
刘德明;朱诗敏;杨昊坤;周军;董新荣
期刊:
食品工业科技 ,2020年41(22):150-156,164 ISSN:1002-0306
作者机构:
湖南农业大学资源环境学院,湖南长沙410128;湖南农业大学理学院,湖南长沙410128;[朱诗敏; 杨昊坤; 董新荣; 周军; 刘德明] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
黄山贡菊;抗氧化活性;铁离子还原/抗氧化能力法;二苯基苦基苯肼法;液质联用
摘要:
探讨黄山贡菊的抗氧化活性化学成分.以FRAP及DPPH法分析抗氧化活性,采用响应面法优化黄山贡菊抗氧化活性成分的提取条件.在乙醇浓度60%,液料比35∶1 (mL/g),超声时间25 min的条件下,黄山贡菊提取物的总抗氧化能力为(2.134±0.011) mmol/L(RSD=1.97%,n=3),与预测值(2.010 mmol/L)吻合很好.总黄酮当量为7.88 mg芦丁/L的黄山贡菊提取物的抗氧化能力相当于2.87 mmol/L亚铁离子的还原力;总黄酮当量为25.85 mg芦丁/L的提取物的DPPH自由基清除率为94.81%.采用HPLC-MS分析黄山贡菊提取物的抗氧化活性成分,共鉴定出了113个化合物,含黄酮类化合物72个,绿原酸及衍生物7个、香豆素类8个.这些化合物可能是黄山贡菊具备抗氧化活性的物质基础.
语种:
中文
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Effects of residual organics in municipal wastewater on hydrogenotrophic denitrifying microbial communities
作者:
Xing, Wei;Li, Jinlong;Li, Peng;Wang, Chong;Cao, Yanan;...
期刊:
环境科学学报(英文版) ,2018年65(03):262-270 ISSN:1001-0742
通讯作者:
Zuo, Jiane
作者机构:
[Li, Jinlong; Xing, Wei; Li, Desheng] Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.;[Yang, Yunfeng; Zhou, Jizhong; Cao, Yanan; Wang, Chong; Li, Peng; Zuo, Jiane] Tsinghua Univ, Sch Environm, State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.;[Xing, Wei; Li, Desheng] Beijing Key Lab Aqueous Typ Pollutants Control &, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Chong] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zhou, Jizhong] Univ Oklahoma, Inst Environm Genom, Norman, OK 73019 USA.
通讯机构:
[Zuo, Jiane] T;Tsinghua Univ, Sch Environm, State Key Joint Lab Environm Simulat & Pollut Con, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China.
关键词:
Tertiary nitrogen removal;Hydrogenotrophic denitrification;Residual organics;High-throughput sequencing;Hydrogenophaga
摘要:
Hydrogenotrophic denitrification is promising for tertiary nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater. To reveal the influence of residual organics in municipal wastewater on hydrogenotrophic denitrifiers, we adopted high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to examine microbial communities in hydrogenotrophic denitrification enrichments. Using effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant as water source, COD, nitrate and pH were controlled the same except for a gradient of biodegradable carbon (i.e., primary effluent (PE), secondary effluent (SE), or combined primary and secondary effluent (CE)). Inorganic synthetic water (IW) was used as a control. Hydrogenophaga, a major facultative autotroph, accounted for 17.1%, 5.3%, 32.7% and 12.9% of the sequences in PE, CE, SE and IW, respectively, implicating that Hydrogenophaga grew well with or without organics. Thauera, which contains likely obligate autotrophic denitrifiers, appeared to be the most dominant genera (23.6%) in IW and accounted for 2.5%, 4.6% and 8.9% in PE, CE and SE, respectively. Thermomonas, which is related to heterotrophic denitrification, accounted for 4.2% and 7.9% in PE and CE fed with a higher content of labile organics, respectively. In contrast, Thermomonas was not detected in IW and accounted for only 0.6% in SE. Our results suggest that Thermomonas are more competitive than Thauera in hydrogenotrophic denitrification with biodegradable organics. Moreover, facultative autotrophic denitrifiers, Hydrogenophaga, are accommodating to residual organic in effluent wastewater, thus we propose that hydrogenotrophic denitrification is amenable for tertiary nitrogen removal.
语种:
英文
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农业院校定量分析实验的教学探索
作者:
李辉勇;周南;周军
期刊:
教育教学论坛 ,2017年(35):270-271 ISSN:1674-9324
作者机构:
湖南农业大学理学院,湖南 长沙,410128;[周南; 李辉勇; 周军] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
农业院校;定量分析实验;教学
摘要:
本文结合我校实验化学教学改革的情况,重点阐述了高等农业院校定量分析实验教学内容的选择,"量"与"误差"的概念在定量分析基本单元操作及实验过程中的重要性.采用过程考核与操作考核相结合的成绩评定模式,提高学生的综合素质,培养学生的创新意识与创新能力.
语种:
中文
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农业院校《无机及分析化学》课程考试改革的研究
作者:
苏招红;李辉勇;周军
期刊:
广州化工 ,2017年45(16):192-193 ISSN:1001-9677
作者机构:
湖南农业大学理学院,湖南 长沙,410128;[李辉勇; 周军; 苏招红] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
无机及分析化学;课程考试;改革
摘要:
在创新人才培养,学科交叉,网络课程等教育教学大背景下,对传统的考试模式进行行之有效的改革是提高教学质量的必经之路。《无机及分析化学》课程是农业院校全校性非化学专业学生的化学基础课和必修课,我们对《无机及分析化学》课程考试改革,从考试内容、考试方式和考试改革存在的主要问题和对策上进行改革研究,以期达到提高学生学习积极性、分析问题和解决问题的能力、创新能力等目的,最终达到提高教师教学质量的目的。
语种:
中文
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将绿色化学理念渗透到有机化学教学中的几点思考
作者:
张凤;罗景;周军
期刊:
化工时刊 ,2017年31(1):44-46 ISSN:1002-154X
作者机构:
湖南农业大学理学院,湖南长沙,410128;[罗景; 张凤; 周军] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
有机化学;绿色化学;理论教学;实验教学
摘要:
绿色化学是知识经济时代有机化学发展的必然趋势,教师在理论教学和实践教学中进行绿色化学理念的渗透方面,是培养学生环保意识,提高学生综合素质的重要途径。
语种:
中文
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Chemical treatment and chitosan coating of yeast cells to improve the encapsulation and controlled release of bovine serum albumin
作者:
Shi, Guorong* ;Liu, Yating;He, Zijun;Zhou, Jihen*
期刊:
ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY ,2017年45(6):1207-1215 ISSN:2169-1401
通讯作者:
Shi, Guorong;Zhou, Jihen
作者机构:
[Liu, Yating; Shi, Guorong; He, Zijun] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Yating; Shi, Guorong; Zhou, Jihen] Hunan Agr Univ, Tobacco Res Inst, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构:
[Shi, Guorong; Zhou, Jihen] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Tobacco Res Inst, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词:
Yeast cells;bovine serum albumin;chemical treatment;chitosan coating;controlled delivery;microcapsule
摘要:
We investigate the encapsulation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in chemical-treated and chitosan-coated yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae), for the controlled release of BSA. The chemical treatment can sufficiently enlarge the small-sized cell-wall cavities and/or break the integrity for the entrance of BSA to the interior of yeast cells, and the additional chitosan coating can well prevent the rapid release of encapsulated BSA from the yeast-derived microcapsules. The sodium hydroxide pretreated S. cerevisiae gives a maximum encapsulation yield of (10.1 ± 0.2)% for BSA. An additional coating of S. cerevisiae with chitosan can reduce the initial burst release of BSA and extend the release period from 24 h in the chitosan-free case to 48 h in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. The prepared microcapsules can well keep the shapes and sizes of yeast cells and thus show uniform sizes of 3.85 ± 0.81 μm. The encapsulated BSA well retains its pristine ultraviolet spectroscopic and chromatographic behaviors. The present microencapsulation protocol has the advantages of convenient and mild operation, high encapsulation efficiency, and organic solvent-free nature, which is of reference value for establishing high-performance controllable biomacromolecule-delivery systems. © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
语种:
英文
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One-step immobilization antibodies using ferrocene-containing thiol aromatic aldehyde for the fabrication of a label-free electrochemical immunosensor
作者:
Liu, Xiaoying* ;Li, Qiang;Chen, Lijuan;Zhou, Jiheng;Liu, Meiling;...
期刊:
RSC Advances ,2016年6(115):114019-114023 ISSN:2046-2069
通讯作者:
Liu, Xiaoying;Shen, Youming
作者机构:
[Li, Qiang; Liu, Xiaoying; Zhou, Jiheng; Chen, Lijuan] Hunan Agr Univ, Sci & Technol Innovat Platform, Coll Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Shen, Youming] Hunan Univ Arts & Sci, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Changde 415000, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Meiling] Hunan Normal Univ, Key Lab Chem Biol & Tradit Chinese Med Res, Minist Educ, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Changsha 410081, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构:
[Liu, Xiaoying; Shen, Youming] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Sci & Technol Innovat Platform, Coll Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Univ Arts & Sci, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, Changde 415000, Peoples R China.
摘要:
This work focuses on a facile method for antibody immobilization to fabricate a label-free electrochemical immunosensor using ferrocene-containing thiol aromatic aldehyde (FcSA) synthesized by us. The FcSA plays important roles as follows: provides a novel self-assembled monolayer and the aldehyde group was applied to immobilize antibodies directly, in which no additional activation step was required. Ferrocene can improve the electrical conductivity of the sensing interface as compared to the ferrocene-free thiol aromatic aldehyde. Human IgG as a model analyte was detected in the range from 0.01 to 40 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>with a detection limit of 0.005 ng mL<sup>-1</sup>based on a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3. The immunosensor showed good specificity, acceptable reproducibility as well as satisfactory stability. ©The Royal Society of Chemistry.
语种:
英文
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A hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on cytochrome c immobilized graphene-L-cysteine modified glassy carbon electrode
作者:
Kong, Bo;Liu, Wei;Li, Qiang;Chen, Lijuan;Liu, Xiaoying* ;...
期刊:
Sensor Letters ,2015年13(4):267-272 ISSN:1546-198X
通讯作者:
Liu, Xiaoying
作者机构:
[Kong, Bo] Technology Center of China Tobacco Hunan Industrial Corporation, Changsha, China;[Liu, Wei] Anhui Military Industrial Group, Hefei, China;[Li, Qiang; Chen, Lijuan; Zhou, Jiheng; Liu, Xiaoying] Key Laboratory of Tobacco Science and Health, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha, China;[Liu, Xiaoying] College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha, China
通讯机构:
College of Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Hunan, Changsha, China
关键词:
BIOSENSOR;CYTOCHROME C;GRAPHENE;HYDROGEN PEROXIDE;L-CYSTEINE
摘要:
A hydrogen peroxide biosensor was fabricated based on the cytochrome c(Cyt c) immobilized graphene-L-cysteine modified GC electrode. The obtained film of Cyt c/graphene-L-cysteine was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemistry method. The direct electrochemistry of Cyt c was realized at the Cyt c/graphene-L-cysteine modified GC electrode and thoroughly investigated. The electrocatalysis oxidation of hydrogen peroxide on Cyt c/graphene-L-cysteine/GC electrode was also studied. At the optimized condition, a linear range from 0.1 to 480 μM (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.996;n = 12) was obtained with the detection limit of 0.015 μM at the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 3. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K<inf>m</inf>) was calculated to be 0.83 ±0.02 mM. Moreover, the modified electrode displayed rapid response (5 s) to H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>, good stability and reproducibility. Based on the composite film, a third-generation reagentless biosensor could be constructed for determination of H<inf>2</inf>O<inf>2</inf>. Copyright ©2015 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.
语种:
英文
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Preparation of Fe3O4-Embedded Graphene Oxide for Removal of Methylene Blue
作者:
Zhou, Chunjiao;Zhang, Wenjie;Wang, Huixian;Li, Huiyong;Zhou, Jun;...
期刊:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering ,2014年39(9):6679-6685 ISSN:2193-567X
通讯作者:
Zou, Bingsuo
作者机构:
[Zhou, Chunjiao; Wang, Huixian; Luo, Jing; Li, Huiyong] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zou, Bingsuo; Zhang, Wenjie] Beijing Inst Technol, Micro Nano Technol Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Shaohua; Zhou, Jianda; Liu, Jinyan] Cent S Univ, Xiang Ya Hosp 3, Changsha 410013, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构:
[Zou, Bingsuo] B;Beijing Inst Technol, Micro Nano Technol Ctr, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.
关键词:
Adsorption;Methylene blue;Fe3O4/GO;Electrostatic attraction;Langmuir model;Desorption
摘要:
Fe3O4-embedded graphene oxide was developed as a magnetic adsorbent for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were embedded on the surface of the as-prepared graphene oxide via a co-precipitation procedure with cheap and environmentally friendly iron salts. The weight percentage of graphene oxide was estimated by calcination to be about 18.5 %. In the aqueous solution of methylene blue at 20 A degrees C, the adsorption data agreed well with the Langmuir adsorption model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 246 mg/g and a Langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant of 8.926 mL/mg. The adsorption amount increased with the increase of the solution pH (3-11), decreased with the increase of KCl concentration until it was up to 60 mM. The adsorbed methylene blue could be desorbed by using the methanol solution of acetic acid. In addition, both the adsorption and desorption rate were very quick that the equilibrium was achieved within 5 min due to the absence of the internal diffusion resistance. Fe3O4-embedded graphene oxide with large adsorption capacity and easy separation could be regarded as a potential adsorbent for removal of cationic dye in wastewater treatment process.
语种:
英文
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高等院校化学实验室管理改革探讨
作者:
赵文魁;周军
期刊:
化工时刊 ,2012年26(6):65-66 ISSN:1002-154X
作者机构:
湖南农业大学理学院应用化学系;湖南长沙410128;[赵文魁; 周军] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
高等院校;化学实验室;管理;探讨
摘要:
高校化学实验室是高校进行化学实验教学和科研的重要基地,是人才培养、学科建设以及社会服务的基地。同时也是提高化学教学质量和科研工作水平的重要环节。就目前高校化学实验室管理存在的主要问题以及如何解决这些问题进行了探讨。
语种:
中文
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超声波法提取金银花中的绿原酸
作者:
周军;黄琼;李志光;谢磊;黄可龙
期刊:
化学与生物工程 ,2008年25(1):31-33 ISSN:1672-5425
作者机构:
湖南农业大学理学院应用化学系,湖南,长沙,410128;中南大学化学化工学院,湖南,长沙,410083;[黄可龙] 中南大学;[谢磊; 李志光; 黄琼; 周军] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
金银花;绿原酸;超声波法;传统溶剂提取;正交实验
摘要:
用超声波法提取金银花中的绿原酸,并与传统的水提、醇提工艺进行了比较,采用薄层层析法定性检验,紫外分光光度法测定绿原酸的含量。结果表明,超声波法的提取率高于传统溶剂提取法。在10倍量pH=4的70%乙醇中预浸泡24 h,再用超声波提取4次,每次30 min,绿原酸收率最高,含量可达9.58%。
语种:
中文
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铁(Ⅲ)置换氧化还原滴定法测定维生素C片剂及针剂中抗坏血酸
作者:
曾盔;周军;王锦;丁春霞
期刊:
理化检验-化学分册 ,2007年43(7):549-551 ISSN:1001-4020
作者机构:
[曾盔; 周军; 王锦; 丁春霞] 湖南农业大学理学院应用化学系;湖南农业大学理学院应用化学系 长沙410128
关键词:
维生素C片或针剂;抗坏血酸;硫酸高铁铵;碘量法;药物
摘要:
基于将测定抗坏血酸的碘滴定(药典)法和铁铵矾滴定法相结合,即先用铁铵矾基准物氧化碘化钾置换出相当量的I2,再在维生素C药物溶液滴定中让相当量的I2定量氧化抗坏血酸.合适的反应条件是:乙酸介质,碘离子过量,室温置暗处置换反应10 min.将该法用于维生素C药物中抗坏血酸的测定,结果与药典法结果相符.
语种:
中文
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白藜芦醇对肿瘤细胞HL-60代谢热化学研究
作者:
黄琼;周军;李志光
期刊:
生物技术 ,2007年17(6):40-41 ISSN:1004-311X
作者机构:
[黄琼; 周军; 李志光] 湖南农业大学应用化学系;湖南农业大学应用化学系 湖南长沙410128
关键词:
微量热法;白藜芦醇;癌细胞;抑制作用
摘要:
目的:用微量热法研究了白藜芦醇对白血病细胞HL-60代谢作用的热化学特征。方法:等温量热仪测定HL-60细胞在白藜芦醇作用下生长代谢的热功率输出曲线。结果:白藜芦醇在20μg/mL-80μg/mL范围内,热曲线一直处于缓慢下降状态,对该肿瘤细胞有明显抑制作用,当计量达到100μg/mL-120μg/mL时,热功率曲线值呈缓慢增加趋势,抑制效果变弱。结论:白藜芦醇对细胞HL-60代谢有明显的抑制作用,为白藜芦醇在防治肿瘤中的应用提供了可靠的信息。
语种:
中文
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虎杖中白藜芦醇的提取方法比较和优化研究
作者:
周军;黄琼;李志光;谢磊;黄可龙
期刊:
云南化工 ,2007年34(5):34-37 ISSN:1004-275X
作者机构:
中南大学,化学化工学院,湖南,长沙,410011;湖南农业大学,理学院应用化学系,湖南,长沙,410128;[黄可龙; 李志光; 周军] 中南大学;[谢磊; 黄琼] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
白藜芦醇;超声波;萃取;超临界
摘要:
提取了虎杖中的活性成分白藜芦醇,用高效液相色谱法检测白藜芦醇的含量。通过对5种不同提取工艺的比较,用正交设计选取最佳工艺,实验结果表明:弱碱性条件下超声波法提取效果最好,用10倍量pH=8的80%乙醇、超声波提取4次,每次15m in,白藜芦醇提取含量可达到0.373%。
语种:
中文
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用不同方法提取虎杖中白藜芦醇的比较
作者:
谢磊;李志光;周军;黄琼
期刊:
生物质化学工程 ,2007年41(2):28-30 ISSN:1673-5854
作者机构:
湖南农业大学,理学院,湖南,长沙,410128;[谢磊; 黄琼; 李志光; 周军] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
虎杖;白藜芦醇;提取方法;高效液相色谱
摘要:
以虎杖为原料用乙醇浸提法、碱提酸沉法、超声波萃取法、CO2超临界萃取法4种方法提取白藜芦醇,采用高效液相色谱法检验虎杖中白藜芦醇含量。以白藜芦醇收率为考察标准,进行提取方法的比较。综合比较分析得出超声波萃取法是以上4种方法中最好的。
语种:
中文
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TiO2纳米材料的制备及其对甲醛光催化降解
作者:
金密;李辉勇;周军;李志光;戴翔;...
期刊:
湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版) ,2006年32(4):432-435 ISSN:1007-1032
作者机构:
湖南农业大学,理学院,湖南,长沙,410128;[戴翔; 赵律; 李志光; 李辉勇; 周军; 金密] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
二氧化钛;光催化;降解;甲醛
摘要:
以硫酸钛为前驱体,采用沉淀-溶胶法制备纳米TiO2,进行甲醛的光催化降解试验,考察了制备条件对光催化性能的影响.结果表明,硫酸钛浓度为0.05 mol/L,水解温度80 ℃,时间4 h,0.10 mol/L KOH聚沉,pH2,熟化温度90~100 ℃,时间10 min,煅烧温度450 ℃,时间4 h,制得的纳米TiO2对甲醛的降解效率6 h内可达78%.
语种:
中文
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纳米TiO2的制备及其对甲醛的光催化降解性能
作者:
李辉勇;金密;周军;李志光;戴翔;...
期刊:
精细化工中间体 ,2006年36(4):43-45+53 ISSN:1009-9212
作者机构:
湖南农业大学,理学院,湖南,长沙,410128;[戴翔; 赵律; 李志光; 李辉勇; 周军; 金密] 湖南农业大学
关键词:
二氧化钛;光催化;降解;甲醛
摘要:
以硫酸钛为前驱体,采用沉淀-溶胶法制备纳米TiO2,进行甲醛的光催化降解实验,考察了制备条件对光催化性能的影响.结果表明:当硫酸钛浓度为0.05 mol/L、水解温度80℃、时间4 h,0.10 mol/LKOH聚沉、pH=2、熟化温度90~100℃、时间10 min,煅烧温度450℃、时间4 h时,制得的纳米TiO2对甲醛的降解效率6 h内可达78%.
语种:
中文
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企业品牌延伸的应用分析
作者:
周军
期刊:
商业经济研究 ,2004年(6):39,38 ISSN:2095-9397
作者机构:
湖南农业大学经济管理学院,长沙,410128
关键词:
品牌延伸;企业;经营决策;市场细分;品牌管理;核心价值;品牌文化;竞争优势
摘要:
品牌延伸的应用类型
品牌延伸是指企业将已取得成功的品牌应用到新开发的产品上去的行为.它是企业品牌经营的一种重要策略选择,在业界的应用甚为广泛.企业对这一策略的应用可分为以下两大类型:
语种:
中文
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影响品牌延伸的关键要素
作者:
周军
期刊:
现代企业 ,2004年(3):42-43 ISSN:1000-9671
作者机构:
湖南农业大学经济管理学院 长沙
关键词:
品牌延伸;品牌资产;品牌核心价值;企业管理;品牌定位;产品关联性
摘要:
品牌延伸是指企业在已经确立的品牌地位的基础上,利用原有的品牌来推出新的产品或服务、品牌延伸通过将已有的品牌资产转移到新的产品或服务,可有效降低新产品进入市场的风险,提升新产品成功的概率.然而品牌延伸又是一柄双刃剑,成功和失败的案例比比皆是.本文将浅析影响品牌延伸的五大关键要素.
语种:
中文
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自有品牌:零售业者成熟的标签
作者:
周军
期刊:
经济论坛 ,2004年(1):74-75 ISSN:1003-3580
作者机构:
湖南农业大学经济管理学院
关键词:
零售业;自有品牌;产品质量;发展策略;竞争优势
摘要:
一、自有品牌的历史渊源和现状分析
所谓自有品牌,又称中间商品牌,泛指流通业者运用与消费者和从消费者那里所得到的信息,以品牌持有人的身分,与国内外厂商合作,生产仅在自身通路出售的商品.它是与传统的生产商品牌相对应的一个概念.生产商品牌即生产商设计并使用自己的品牌,又称全国性品牌.
语种:
中文
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