通讯机构：
[Huang, Y ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Key Lab Crop Epigenet Regulat & Dev Hunan Prov, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Chlorogenic acid is a key chemical in antioxidation and antisepsis. Sambucus chinensis L. is an herbaceous plant rich in chlorogenic acid and a potential genetic resource for breeding high-chlorogenic acid plants. However, there are few studies on the synthesis pathway of chlorogenic acid in S. chinensis. Our study found chlorogenic acid accumulation in S. chinensis to be organ-specific, higher in leaves and buds but lower in roots, stems and fruits. A total number of 546,844 CCS (circular consensus sequence), including 402,767 full-length nonchimeric (FLNC) and 39 annotated sequences related to the synthesis of chlorogenic acid, was obtained by single-molecule real-time sequencing technology (SMRT). qRT-PCR showed that a number of key genes involved in chlorogenic acid synthesis were differentially expressed in various tissues of S. chinensis. Transgenic tobacco revealed that ectopic expression of the HCT homologous gene HCT-45178 increased the content of chlorogenic acid. Our results should be the first report of full-length transcriptome data of S. chinensis, which help to understand the basis of chlorogenic acid synthesis and provide a novel strategy for breeding tobacco cultivars with higher levels of chlorogenic acid.
摘要：
A proper functional level of NARROW LEAF1 can simultaneously influence photosynthesis and plant architecture to increase rice grain yield. NARROW LEAF1 (NAL1) is an elite gene in rice (Oryza sativa), given its close connection to leaf photosynthesis, hybrid vigor, and yield-related agronomic traits; however, the underlying mechanism by which this gene affects these traits remains elusive. In this study, we systematically measured leaf photosynthetic parameters, leaf anatomical parameters, architectural parameters, and agronomic traits in indica cultivar 9311, in 9311 with the native NAL1 replaced by the Nipponbare NAL1 (9311-NIL), and in 9311 with the NAL1 fully mutated (9311-nal1). Leaf length, width, and spikelet number gradually increased from lowest to highest in 9311-nal1, 9311, and 9311-NIL. In contrast, the leaf photosynthetic rate on a leaf area basis, leaf thickness, and panicle number gradually decreased from highest to lowest in 9311-nal1, 9311, and 9311-NIL. RNA-seq analysis showed that NAL1 negatively regulates the expression of photosynthesis-related genes; NAL1 also influenced expression of many genes related to phytohormone signaling, as also shown by different leaf contents of 3-Indoleacetic acid, jasmonic acid, Gibberellin A(3), and isopentenyladenine among these genotypes. Furthermore, field experiments with different planting densities showed that 9311 had a larger biomass and yield advantage under low planting density compared to either 9311-NIL or 9311-nall. This study shows both direct and indirect effects of NAL1 on leaf photosynthesis; furthermore, we show that a partially functional NAL1 allele helps maintain a balanced leaf photosynthesis and plant architecture for increased biomass and grain yield in the field.
摘要：
<jats:p>Watermelon (<jats:italic>Citrullus lanatus</jats:italic>) is one of the most popular fruit crops. However, Fusarium wilt (FW) is a serious soil-borne disease caused by <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum</jats:italic> f. sp. <jats:italic>niveum</jats:italic> (FON) that severely limits the development of the watermelon industry. <jats:italic>Trichoderma</jats:italic> spp. is an important plant anti-pathogen biocontrol agent. The results of our previous study indicated that <jats:italic>Trichoderma asperellum</jats:italic> M45a (<jats:italic>T</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>asperellum</jats:italic> M45a) could control FW by enhancing the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizosphere of watermelon. However, there are few studies on its mechanism in the pathogen resistance of watermelon. Therefore, transcriptome sequencing of <jats:italic>T</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>asperellum</jats:italic> M45a-treated watermelon roots combined with metabolome sequencing of the rhizosphere soil was performed with greenhouse pot experiments. The results demonstrated that <jats:italic>T</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>asperellum</jats:italic> M45a could stably colonize roots and significantly increase the resistance-related enzymatic activities (e.g., lignin, cinnamic acid, <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://fanyi.so.com/?src=onebox#peroxidase" xlink:type="simple">peroxidase</jats:ext-link> and <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://fanyi.so.com/?src=onebox#peroxidase" xlink:type="simple">peroxidase</jats:ext-link>) of watermelon. Moreover, the expression of defense-related genes such as MYB and PAL in watermelon roots significantly improved with the inoculation of <jats:italic>T</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>asperellum</jats:italic> M45a. In addition, KEGG pathway analysis showed that a large number of differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in phenylpropane metabolic pathways, which may be related to lignin and cinnamic acid synthesis, thus further inducing the immune response to resist FON. Furthermore, metabolic analysis indicated that four differential metabolic pathways were enriched in M45a-treated soil, including six upregulated compounds and one down-regulated compound. Among them, galactinol and urea were significantly positively correlated with <jats:italic>Trichoderma</jats:italic>. Hence, this study provides insight into the biocontrol mechanism of <jats:italic>T</jats:italic>. <jats:italic>asperellum</jats:italic> M45a to resist soil-borne diseases, which can guide its industrial application.</jats:p>
摘要：
<jats:p>To explore the molecular mechanisms of the antifungal compound phenazine-1-carboxamide (PCN) inhibits <jats:italic>Rhizoctonia solani</jats:italic> and discover potential targets of action, we performed an integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome in <jats:italic>R. solani</jats:italic> mycelium by whether PCN treating or not. A total of 511 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the PCN treatment and control groups. The fluorescence-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) got the accordant results of the gene expression trends for ten randomly selected DEGs. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that fatty acid metabolic process, fatty acid oxidation, and lipid oxidation were among the most enriched in the biological process category, while integral component of membrane, plasma membrane, and extracellular region were among the most enriched in the cellular component category and oxidoreductase activity, cofactor binding, and coenzyme binding were among the most enriched in the molecular function category. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed the most prominently enriched metabolic pathways included ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, nitrogen metabolism, aminobenzoate degradation. The DEGs related functions of cellular structures, cell membrane functions, cellular nutrition, vacuole-mitochondrion membrane contact site and ATPase activity, pH, anti-oxidation, were downregulated. A total of 466 differential metabolites were found between the PCN treatment and control groups after PCN treatment. KEGG enrichment found purine, arachidonic acid, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were mainly affected. Further results proved PCN decreased the mycelial biomass and protein content of <jats:italic>R. solani</jats:italic>, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity reduced while peroxidase (POD) and cytochrome P450 activities increased. The molecule docking indicted that NADPH nitrite reductase, ATP-binding cassette transporter, alpha/beta hydrolase family domain-containing protein, and NADPH–cytochrome P450 reductase maybe the particular target of PCN. In conclusion, the mechanisms <jats:italic>via</jats:italic> which PCN inhibits <jats:italic>R. solani</jats:italic> AG1IA may be related to cell wall damage, cell membrane impairment, intracellular nutrient imbalance, disturbed antioxidant system, and altered intracellular pH, which laid foundation for the further new compound designing to improve antifungal efficacy.</jats:p>
作者机构：
[Zheng, Ning; Tonggu, Lige; El-Din, Tamer M. Gamal; Jiang, Daohua; Catterall, William A.] Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.;[Banh, Richard; Pomes, Regis] Hosp Sick Children, Mol Med, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada.;[Banh, Richard; Pomes, Regis] Univ Toronto, Dept Biochem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.;[Zheng, Ning] Univ Washington, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
通讯机构：
[Liu, Shi] S;State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
摘要：
Glucose metabolism and innate immunity evolved side-by-side. It is unclear if and how the two systems interact with each other during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and, if so, which mechanisms are involved. Here, we report that HBV activates glycolysis to impede retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-induced interferon production. We demonstrate that HBV sequesters MAVS from RIG-I by forming a ternary complex including hexokinase (HK). Using a series of pharmacological and genetic approaches, we provide in vitro and in vivo evidence indicating that HBV suppresses RLR signaling via lactate dehydrogenase-A-dependent lactate production. Lactate directly binds MAVS preventing its aggregation and mitochondrial localization during HBV infection. Therefore, we show that HK2 and glycolysis-derived lactate have important functions in the immune escape of HBV and that energy metabolism regulates innate immunity during HBV infection. RIG-I is a cytosolic antiviral nucleic acid sensor that signals via MAVS to produce type 1 interferons. Here the authors show that hepatits B virus can repress this pathway by activating glycolysis and lactate production, enabling accumulated lactate to bind MAVS and prevent its mitochondrial localization.
通讯机构：
[Ding, Mengjiao] G;[Zhou, Zifang] C;Guizhou Univ, Coll Tobacco Sci, Guiyang 550025, Peoples R China.;Guizhou Univ, Guizhou Prov Key Lab Tobacco Qual, Guiyang 550025, Peoples R China.;China Jiangsu Ind CO LTD, Nanjing 210019, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Genome;Annotation;CAZymes;Straw
摘要：
<jats:p><jats:italic>Bacillus aciditolerans</jats:italic> YN-1<jats:italic><jats:sup>T</jats:sup></jats:italic> was isolated from Jietou town, Yunnan Province, China and exhibited various lignocellulolytic activities which had the ability to decompose straw. In this work, we found that strain YN-1<jats:italic><jats:sup>T</jats:sup></jats:italic> was capable of degrading
different types of straw and showed the highest efficiency to the degrading of corn straw. We also draw the draft genome sequence of strain YN-1<jats:italic><jats:sup>T</jats:sup></jats:italic> , which composed of 4,633,983 bp chromosome. Results showed that <jats:italic>Bacillus aciditolerans</jats:italic> YN-1<jats:italic><jats:sup>T</jats:sup></jats:italic> contains
3455 protein coding sequences and 249 were associated with the carbohydrate metabolism. Meanwhile, CAZymes analysis also showed that strain YN-1<jats:italic><jats:sup>T</jats:sup></jats:italic> contains 60 coding genes of glycoside hydrolase (GH) family, implying that <jats:italic>Bacillus aciditolerans</jats:italic> YN-1<jats:italic><jats:sup>T</jats:sup></jats:italic>
has broad applications in the degradation of straw.</jats:p>
摘要：
Disruption of the MEKK1-MKK1/MKK2-MPK4 kinase cascade leads to activation of immunity mediated by the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptor SUMM2, which monitors the phosphorylation status of CRCK3. Here we report that two receptor-like kinases (RLKs), MDS1, and MDS2, function redundantly to promote SUMM2-mediated immunity. Activation of SUMM2-mediated immunity is dependent on MDS1, and to a less extent on MDS2. MDS1 associates with CRCK3 in planta and can phosphorylate CRCK3 in vitro, suggesting that it may target CRCK3 to positively regulate SUMM2-mediated signaling. Our finding highlights a new defense mechanism where RLKs promote NLR-mediated immunity.
摘要：
<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Fusarium wilt (FW) caused by <jats:italic>Fusarium oxysporum</jats:italic> f. sp. <jats:italic>niveum</jats:italic> (FON) is a soil-borne disease that seriously limits watermelon production. In the present study, <jats:italic>Trichoderma asperellum</jats:italic> (<jats:italic>T. asperellum</jats:italic>) M45a was shown to be an effective biocontrol agent against FW. In a pot experiment, the application of 10<jats:sup>5</jats:sup>cfu/g of <jats:italic>T. asperellum</jats:italic> M45a granules had an improved control effect on FW during the blooming period (up to 67.44%) in soils subjected to five years of continuous cropping with watermelon, while the average length of watermelon vines was also significantly improved (P < 0.05). Additionally, the acid phosphatase (ACP), cellulase (CL), catalase (CAT), and sucrase (SC) activities in the M45a-inoculation group were significantly higher than those in the control (CK) group, and transformation of the soil nutrients (total N, NO3-N, and available P) was significantly increased. Moreover, <jats:italic>T. asperellum</jats:italic> M45a inoculation reduced fungal diversity, increased bacterial diversity and especiallyenhanced the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), such as <jats:italic>Trichoderma, Sphingomonas</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Actinomadura</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Rhodanobacter</jats:italic>. Through functional prediction, the relative abundance of ectomycorrhiza, endophytes, animal pathotrophs, and saprotrophs in the fungal community was determined to be significantly lower than that observed in the M45a-treated soil. Correlation analysis revealed that <jats:italic>Sphingomonas</jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Pseudomonas</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Trichoderma</jats:italic> had the most differences in terms of microorganism abundance, and these differences were positively correlated with ACP, CL, CAT, and SC. These findings provide guidance for the use of fungicides to achieve microecological control of FW in continuously cropped watermelon plots.</jats:p>
摘要：
<jats:p>Pyrimidine nucleoside uridine plays a critical role in maintaining cellular function and energy metabolism. In addition to its role in nucleoside synthesis, uridine and its derivatives contribute to reduction of cytotoxicity and suppression of drug-induced hepatic steatosis. Uridine is mostly present in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, where it contributes to the maintenance of basic cellular functions affected by UPase enzyme activity, feeding habits, and ATP depletion. Uridine metabolism depends on three stages: <jats:italic>de novo</jats:italic> synthesis, salvage synthesis pathway and catabolism, and homeostasis, which is tightly relating to glucose homeostasis and lipid and amino acid metabolism. This review is devoted to uridine metabolism and its role in glucose, lipid, and amino acid homeostasis.</jats:p>
