摘要：
Low-grade chronic inflammation, also known as metabolic inflammation, promotes the development of metabolic diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that changes in gut microbes and metabolites disrupt the integrity of the gut barrier and exert significant effects on the metabolism of various tissues, including the liver and adipose tissue, thereby contributing to metabolic inflammation. We observed that IL-22 is a key signaling molecule that serves as a bridge between intestinal microbes and the host, effectively alleviating metabolic inflammation by modulating the host immunomodulatory network. Here, we focused on elucidating the underlying mechanisms by which the gut microbiota and their metabolites reduce inflammation via IL-22, highlighting the favorable impact of IL-22 on metabolic inflammation. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of IL-22 as a therapeutic target for the management of metabolic inflammation and related diseases.
通讯机构：
[Qinghua Chen] C;College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
关键词：
piglets;weaning stress;fermented chinese herbal medicine;nutrients digestibility;intestinal health
摘要：
Simple Summary Fermented Chinese herbs can be used as a natural additive in the diet of weaned pigs, and they can play an important role in regulating microbial flora and intestinal health. This study aimed to investigate fermented Chinese herb supplementation in newly weaned piglets' diets and its effects on intestinal microbial composition and growth performance. Studies have found that dietary supplementation of fermented Chinese herbs can promote intestinal health and improve growth performance of weaned piglets by regulating intestinal flora. To investigate the effects of fermented Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance, diarrhea rate, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of weaned piglets, and to provide the theoretical basis for applying fermented Chinese herbal medicines to weaned piglet production, a total of 162 weaned and castrated piglets at 25 days of age (Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire, half male and half female) with an initial body weight of 7.77 +/- 0.03 kg were randomly divided into the following three groups according to the principle of similar body weight: basal diet (CON) group, basal diet + 3 kg/t fermented Chinese herbal medicine (LFHM) group, and basal diet + 5 g/kg fermented Chinese herbal medicine (HFHM) group. Each group underwent six replicates and there were nine piglets in each replicate. The experiment lasted 24 days, i.e., 3 days for preliminary feeding, and 21 days for the experiment. From Day 1 of the experiment, the piglets were observed and recorded for diarrhea each day. As compared with the CON group, the results indicated: Following the addition of fermented Chinese herbal medicine, the piglets in the LFHM and HFHM groups increased final weight (FW); average daily feed intake (ADFI); average daily gain (ADG) (p < 0.01); apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) (p < 0.05); as well as chymotrypsin, alpha-amylase, and lipase activities (p < 0.01). In addition, alpha-amylase activity in the LFHM group was higher than that in the HFHM group (p < 0.05); chymotrypsin activity in the LFHM group was lower than that in the HFHM group (p < 0.05); as compared with the CON group, the LFHM and the HFHM increased villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD) in piglet jejunum; isovaleric acid concentration with the HFHM was higher than those with the CON and the LFHM (p < 0.05), but butyrate concentration with the HFFM was lower than those with the CON and the LFHM (p < 0.05). The high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing of intestinal microbiota results showed that the LFHM and the HFHM affected the microbial alpha diversity index in weaned piglet colon (p < 0.01). In conclusion, fermented Chinese herbs can improve the growth performance of weaned piglets by promoting the secretion of intestinal digestive enzymes, changing intestinal microbial diversity, regulating the contents of intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), promoting intestinal health, and improving nutrients digestibility.
通讯机构：
[Rui Li; Peng Liao] L;Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
摘要：
Attapulgite is a kind of natural clay mineral. Its unique pore structure makes it an ideal adsorption material and carrier material. However, the beneficial effect of modified attapulgites (SLK) in livestock is still unknown. The study was aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of modified attapulgites on diarrhea. 135 piglets were randomly divided into 5 groups and fed with control diet, traditional antibiotic substitute (TAS) supplementation diet, 0.5 mg/kg SLK supplementation diet, 1 mg/kg SLK supplementation diet, and 1.5 mg/kg SLK supplementation diet. This experiment lased two weeks. According to our result, 1.5 mg/kg SLK supplementation diet significantly decreased diarrhea score and diarrhea frequency, and effectively increased survival rate (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation with 1.5 mg/kg SLK significantly increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and choline esterase (CHE) concentration in serum (P < 0.05). AS compared with TAS group, 1.5 mg/kg SLK supplementation diet significantly decreased villus height and increased goblet number in jejunum, and increased villus height and decreased goblet number in ileum (P < 0.05). 1.5 mg/kg SLK supplementation diet also significantly changed cecal microbial community composition, including increased Limosilactobacillus abundance (P < 0.05). 1.5 mg/kg SLK supplementation diet significantly increased colonic microbial community composition, including decreased Escherichia-shigella abundance and increased Limosilactobacillus abundance (P < 0.05). Moreover, 1.5 mg/kg SLK supplementation diet significantly increased valerate, propionate, butyrate, and total short chain fatty acid contents in colon (P < 0.05). Valerate, propionate, butyrate, and total short chain fatty acid significantly associated with Lactobacillus. Fourerenilla and Fourerenilla.unclassfied significantly associated with acetate contents in colon (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with modified apptapulgites significantly regulate intestinal microbial community composition and alleviate intestinal epithelial barrier to prevent diarrhea in piglets.
摘要：
INTRODUCTION: The Tibetan Plateau is characterized by low temperature and hypoxia. N-carbamylglutamic acid (NCG) can increase blood oxygen saturation, and have the potential to be used to prevent the high-altitude hypoxia stress state of cows. However, its beneficial effect on the rumen microbiota of Holstein dairy cows remains unclear. METHODS: Hence, the experiments 12 multiparous (parity ranged from 2 to 7) Holstein dairy cows (413.0 ± 42 kg) were randomly assigned to 2 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment: basal diet (CON, control group) and basal diet plus 20 g/d/cow of NCG (NCG, experiment group), respectively. To study the effects of dietary NCG supplementation on rumen microbiota of Holstein dairy cows in Tibet. The experiment lasted for 45 days, with 15 days of pre-feeding and 30 days of formal trail period. RESULTS: The results showed that ruminal NH(3)-N concentration in NCG group was lower (p < 0.05) than that in the CON group, while molar proportion of acetic acid and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration were increased (p < 0.05) with the addition of NCG. Microbial diversity increased (p < 0.05) in NCG group, with Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Patescibacteria as the most abundant phyla. The KEGG pathway analysis showed that the potential function of ruminal bacteria was mainly enriched in metabolism (carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, energy, and nucleotides) and genetic information processing (replication, repair, and translation). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, NCG can improve rumen nitrogen utilization, total VFA and acetic acid production, and increase rumen microbial diversity, all of which could make the introduced Holstein dairy cows to better adapt to the harsh environment in Tibet and improve their production performance.
摘要：
RNA N6-methyladenosine (m(6)A ) modification is one of the principal post-transcriptional modifications and plays a dynamic role in testicular development and spermatogenesis. However, the role of m(6)A in porcine testis is understudied. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the m(6)A transcriptome-wide profile in Shaziling pig testes at birth, puberty, and maturity. We analyzed the total transcriptome m(6)A profile and found that the m(6)A patterns were highly distinct in terms of the modification of the transcriptomes during porcine testis development. We found that key m(6)A methylated genes (AURKC, OVOL, SOX8, ACVR2A, and SPATA46) were highly enriched during spermatogenesis and identified in spermatogenesis-related KEGG pathways, including Wnt, cAMP, mTOR, AMPK, PI3K-Akt, and spliceosome. Our findings indicated that m(6)A methylations are involved in the complex yet well-organized post-transcriptional regulation of porcine testicular development and spermatogenesis. We found that the m(6)A eraser ALKBH5 negatively regulated the proliferation of immature porcine Sertoli cells. Furthermore, we proposed a novel mechanism of m(6)A modification during testicular development: ALKBH5 regulated the RNA methylation level and gene expression of SOX9 mRNA. In addition to serving as a potential target for improving boar reproduction, our findings contributed to the further understanding of the regulation of m(6)A modifications in male reproduction.
摘要：
Simple Summary: In this study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of the fatty acid composition in Ningxiang pigs using a genome-wide association study. Our findings revealed a combination of previously reported and novel candidate genes associated with saturated fatty acids (SFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Notably, we identified significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are closely linked to specific fatty acids, and some of these genes explained substantial phenotypic variance. These noteworthy discoveries have the potential to significantly improve meat quality and fat deposition in Ningxiang pigs through targeted breeding approaches. Our research provides valuable insights into the intricate composition of fatty acids, thus offering practical implications for elevating meat quality and ultimately benefiting both the pig industry and consumers. The significance of this study is underscored by its potential to drive positive changes in society by promoting healthier and superior-quality pork products. Ningxiang pigs exhibit a diverse array of fatty acids, making them an intriguing model for exploring the genetic underpinnings of fatty acid metabolism. We conducted a genome-wide association study using a dataset comprising 50,697 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and samples from over 600 Ningxiang pigs. Our investigation yielded novel candidate genes linked to five saturated fatty acids (SFAs), four monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and five polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Significant associations with SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs were found for 37, 21, and 16 SNPs, respectively. Notably, some SNPs have significant PVE, such as ALGA0047587, which can explain 89.85% variation in Arachidic acid (C20:0); H3GA0046208 and DRGA0016063 can explain a total of 76.76% variation in Elaidic Acid (C18:1n-9(t)), and the significant SNP ALGA0031262 of Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) can explain 31.76% of the variation. Several significant SNPs were positioned proximally to previously reported genes. In total, we identified 11 candidate genes (hnRNPU, CEPT1, ATP1B1, DPT, DKK1, PRKG1, EXT2, MEF2C, IL17RA, ITGA1 and ALOX5), six candidate genes (ALOX5AP, MEDAG, ISL1, RXRB, CRY1, and CDKAL1), and five candidate genes (NDUFA4L2, SLC16A7, OTUB1, EIF4E and ROBO2) associated with SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, respectively. These findings hold great promise for advancing breeding strategies aimed at optimizing meat quality and enhancing lipid metabolism within the intramuscular fat (IMF) of Ningxiang pigs.
作者机构：
[Liu, Hongnan; Wang, Shanshan; Li, Rui; Wu, Yuliang; Xiong, Xia; Qi, Ming; Peng, Can; Yin, Yulong; Shao, Yirui; Peng, Changfeng] Chinese Acad Sci, CAS Key Lab Agroecol Proc Subtrop Reg, Hunan Prov Key Lab Anim Nutr Physiol & Metab Proc, Natl Engn Lab Pollut Control & Waste Utilizat Live, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;[Qi, Ming; Shao, Yirui] Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100008, Peoples R China.;[Peng, Qingyun] Kemin China Technol Co Ltd, Zhuhai 519040, Peoples R China.;[Wu, Yuliang] Hunan Normal Univ, Coll Life Sci, Lab Anim Nutr & Human Hlth, Changsha 410081, Peoples R China.;[Peng, Changfeng] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Changsha 410000, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Rui Li] C;CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
摘要：
Essential oils (EO) are promising feed additives for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and immune-enhancing abilities with low toxicity. Carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde are commonly used to synthesize EO. However, few studies focus on combining these three EO in early-weaned piglets. In the present study, 24 piglets weaned at 21 d of age were randomly divided into 2 groups (6 replicate pens per group, 2 piglets per pen). The piglets were fed a basal diet (the control group) and a basal diet supplemented with 400 mg/kg EO (a blend consisting of carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde, the EO group) for 28 days. At the end of the experiment, one piglet per pen was randomly chosen to be sacrificed. Growth performance, hematology, plasma biochemical indices, antioxidant capacity, intestinal epithelial development and immunity, colonic volatile fatty acids (VFA), and microbiota were determined. The results indicated that the diet supplemented with EO significantly improved average daily feed intake (ADFI, p < 0.01) and average daily gain (ADG, p < 0.05) in the day 0 to 28 period. EO supplementation led to a significant decrease in plasma lysozyme (p < 0.05) and cortisol levels (p < 0.01). Additionally, EO significantly promoted jejunal goblet cells in the villus, jejunal mucosa ZO-1 mRNA expression, ileal villus height, and ileal villus height/crypt depth ratio in piglets (p < 0.05). The ileal mucosal TLR4 and NFκB p-p65/p65 protein expression were significantly inhibited in the EO group (p < 0.05). Colonic digesta microbiota analysis revealed that bacteria involving the Erysipelotrichaceae family, Holdemanella genus, Phascolarctobacterium genus, and Vibrio genus were enriched in the EO group. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the EO blend improves ADG and ADFI in the day 0 to 28 period, as well as intestinal epithelial development and intestinal immunity in early-weaned piglets, which provides a theoretical basis for the combined use of EO in weaned piglets.
作者机构：
[Liu, Shengjun; Ma, Longteng] Jiangxi Haida Feed Co Ltd, Nanchang 331700, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Zixi; Ma, Longteng] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Anim Nutr Genome & Germplasm Innovat Res Ctr, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Longteng Ma] J;Jiangxi Haida Feed Co., Ltd., Nanchang 331700, China<&wdkj&>Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
摘要：
Simple Summary Neonates are highly susceptible to intestinal infections; this has been generally ascribed to the immaturity of the immune system, but other factors might contribute. The composition of the gut microbiota is a key factor, as the microbiota protects the host against colonization by pathogens. The neonatal gut microbiota is less diverse and lacks two taxa that are dominant in older intestines: members of the orders Clostridiales and Bacteroidales. Microorganisms are closely related to the body's physiological activities and growth and development of the body, and participate in many physiological metabolic activities. Analysis of the structure and source of early colonizing bacteria in the intestinal tract of humans and rodents shows that early colonizing bacteria in the intestinal tract of mammals have solid maternal characteristics, and maternal microbes play an essential role in the formation of progeny intestinal flora. Microorganisms are closely related to the body's physiological activities and growth and development of the body, and participate in many physiological metabolic activities. Analysis of the structure and source of early colonizing bacteria in the intestinal tract of humans and rodents shows that early colonizing bacteria in the intestinal tract of mammals have solid maternal characteristics, and maternal microbes play an essential role in the formation of progeny intestinal flora. The placental microbiome, maternal microbiome and breast milk microbiome are currently hot topics in the field of life science. This paper discusses the vertical transmission and endogenous sources of the mother-to-piglet microbiome through these three pathways, aiming to provide a new research idea for intervention in the intestinal microbiome in young piglets.
摘要：
Resveratrol (Res) is a bioactive dietary component and alleviates apoptosis in multiple cell types. However, its effect and mechanism on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC) apoptosis, which commonly happens in dairy cows with mastitis, is unknown. We hypothesized that Res would inhibit LPS-induced apoptosis in BMEC through SIRT3, a NAD + -dependent deacetylase activated by Res. To test the dose-response effect on apoptosis, 0-50 mu M Res were incubated with BMEC for 12 h, followed by 250 mu g/mL LPS treatment for 12 h. To investigate the role of SIRT3 in Res-mediated alleviation of apoptosis, BMEC were pretreated with 50 mu M Res for 12 h, then incubated with si-SIRT3 for 12 h and were finally treated with 250 mu g/mL LPS for 12 h. Res dose-dependently promoted the cell viability and protein levels of Bcl-2 (Linear P < 0.001) but decreased protein levels of Bax, Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 (Linear P < 0.001). TUNEL assays indicated that cellular fluorescence intensity declined with the rising doses of Res. Res also dose-dependently upregulated SIRT3 expression, but LPS had the opposite effect. SIRT3 silencing abolished these results with Res incubation. Mechanically, Res enhanced the nuclear translocation of PGC1 alpha, the transcriptional cofactor for SIRT3. Further molecular docking analysis revealed that Res could directly bind to PGC1 alpha by forming a hydrogen bond with Tyr-722. Overall, our data suggested that Res relieved LPS-induced BMEC apoptosis through the PGC1 alpha-SIRT3 axis, providing a basis for further in vivo investigations of applying Res to relieve mastitis in dairy cows.
通讯机构：
[Zhitao Qi] J;Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
通讯机构：
[Shusong Wu; Jianhua He] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Hunan Collaborative Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
关键词：
sow;oxidative stress;pregnancy;maternal metabolism;placenta;fetal development
摘要：
Early weaning usually causes small intestine epithelial development abnormality, increasing the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. Glutamine (Gln), enriching in plasma and milk, is widely reported to benefit intestinal health. However, whether Gln affects intestinal stem cell (ISC) activity in response to early weaning is unclear. Here, both the early weaning mice and intestinal organoids were used to study the role of Gln in regulating ISC activities. Results showed that Gln ameliorated early weaning-induced epithelial atrophy and augmented the ISC-mediated epithelial regeneration. Gln deprivation disabled ISC-mediated epithelial regeneration and crypt fission invitro. Mechanistically, Gln augmented WNT signaling in a dose-dependent manner to regulate ISC activity, while WNT signaling blockage abolished the effects of Gln on ISCs. Together, Gln accelerates stem cell-mediated intestinal epithelial development associated with the augmentation of WNT signaling, which provides novel insights into the mechanism by which Gln promotes intestinal health.
摘要：
Chinese indigenous pigs are popular with consumers for their juiciness, flavour and meat quality, but they have lower meat production. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is a maternally imprinted growth factor that promotes skeletal muscle growth by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within intron 3 of porcine IGF2 disrupts a binding site for the repressor, zinc finger BED-type containing 6 (ZBED6), leading to up-regulation of IGF2 and causing major effects on muscle growth, heart size, and backfat thickness. This favorable mutation is common in Western commercial pig populations, but absent in most Chinese indigenous pig breeds. To improve meat production of Chinese indigenous pigs, we used cytosine base editor 3 (CBE3) to introduce IGF2-intron3-C3071T mutation into porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs) isolated from a male Liang Guang Small Spotted pig (LGSS), and single-cell clones harboring the desired mutation were selected for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to generate the founder line of IGF2T/T pigs. We found the heterozygous progeny IGF2C/T pigs exhibited enhanced expression of IGF2, increased lean meat by 18%–36%, enlarged loin muscle area by 3%–17%, improved intramuscular fat (IMF) content by 18%–39%, marbling score by 0.75–1, meat color score by 0.53–1.25, and reduced backfat thickness by 5%–16%. The enhanced accumulation of intramuscular fat in IGF2C/T pigs was identified to be regulated by the PI3K-AKT/AMPK pathway, which activated SREBP1 to promote adipogenesis. We demonstrated the introduction of IGF2-intron3-C3071T in Chinese LGSS can improve both meat production and quality, and first identified the regulation of IMF deposition by IGF2 through SREBP1 via the PI3K-AKT/AMPK signaling pathways. Our study provides a further understanding of the biological functions of IGF2 and an example for improving porcine economic traits through precise base editing.
作者：
Liu, Fenfen;Li, Jing;Ni, Hengjia;Azad, Md. Abul Kalam;Mo, Kaibin;...
期刊：
ANIMALS,2023年13(4):549- ISSN：2076-2615
通讯作者：
Ni, H.;Yin, Y.
作者机构：
[Liu, Fenfen; Ni, Hengjia; Li, Jing; Mo, Kaibin; Yin, Yulong; Azad, Md. Abul Kalam] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Subtrop Agr, Hunan Res Ctr Livestock & Poultry Sci, Key Lab Agroecol Proc Subtrop Reg,Hunan Provincia, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;[Li, Jing] Hunan Agr Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;[Mo, Kaibin] South China Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Guangzhou 510642, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Yulong Yin; Hengjia Ni] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
摘要：
Simple Summary Phytase and NSPase have been widely used to improve growth performance in swine by improving nutrient utilization. However, the effects of phytase and NSPase (beta-glucanase, xylanase, and beta-mannanase) with corn-soybean meal-based diets on the trace element deposition of pigs still remains unknown. In this study, the effects of phytase, beta-glucanase, xylanase, and beta-mannanase on the trace element deposition and intestinal health of growing-finishing pigs were compared. In conclusion, phytase and xylanase supplementation increased the zinc deposition in pigs. Additionally, the supplementation of NSPases may improve the gut health of pigs by modulating the intestinal morphology and microbiota. This study investigated the effects of supplementing phytase and non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes (NSPases) to corn-soybean meal-based diet on the growth performance, trace element deposition, and intestinal health of growing-finishing pigs. Fifty pigs were randomly assigned into the control (basal diet), phytase (basal diet + 100 g/t of phytase), beta-mannanase (basal diet + 40 g/t of beta-mannanase), beta-glucanase (basal diet + 100 g/t of beta-glucanase), and xylanase (basal diet + 100 g/t of xylanase) groups. The results show that the supplementation of phytase and NSPases had no impacts (p > 0.05) on the growth performance of pigs. Compared with the control group, pigs fed with xylanase had higher (p < 0.05) Zn concentrations in the ileum and muscle and those fed with phytase had higher (p < 0.05) Zn concentrations in the ileum. Phytase and xylanase supplementation decreased (p < 0.05) fecal Zn concentrations in pigs compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, phytase, beta-mannanase, beta-glucanase, and xylanase supplementation up-regulated (p < 0.05) the FPN1 expression, whereas xylanase up-regulated (p < 0.05) the Znt1 expression in the duodenum of pigs compared with the control group. Moreover, phytase, beta-glucanase, and xylanase supplementation up-regulated (p < 0.05) the jejunal Znt1 expression compared with the control group. The intestinal morphology results show that the phytase, beta-mannanase, and xylanase groups had increased villus heights (VHs), an increased villus height-crypt depth ratio (VH:CD), and decreased crypt depths (CDs) in the duodenum, whereas phytase, beta-mannanase, beta-glucanase, and xylanase groups had decreased VH and VH:CD, and increased CD in the jejunum compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Pigs fed with exogenous enzymes had decreased bacterial diversity in the cecum. The dietary supplementation of NSPases increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes and decreased spirochaetes (p < 0.05). Compared with the control group, dietary NSPase treatment decreased (p < 0.05) the opportunistic pathogens, such as Treponema_2 and Eubacterium_ruminantium. Moreover, the relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014 and Lachnospiraceae were enriched in the beta-glucanase and beta-mannanase groups (p < 0.05), respectively. In conclusion, phytase and xylanase supplementation may promote zinc deposition in pigs. Additionally, the supplementation of NSPases may improve the gut health of pigs by modulating the intestinal morphology and microbiota.
