关键词：
iron homeostasis;mitochondrial dysfunction;diseases
摘要：
Iron is a trace element necessary for cell growth, development, and cellular homeostasis, but insufficient or excessive level of iron is toxic. Intracellularly, sufficient amounts of iron are required for mitochondria (the center of iron utilization) to maintain their normal physiologic function. Iron deficiency impairs mitochondrial metabolism and respiratory activity, while mitochondrial iron overload promotes ROS production during mitochondrial electron transport, thus promoting potential disease development. This review provides an overview of iron homeostasis, mitochondrial iron metabolism, and how mitochondrial iron imbalances-induced mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to diseases.
摘要：
Branched-long-chain monomethyl fatty acids (BLCFA) are consumed daily in significant amounts by humans in all stages of life. BLCFA are absorbed and metabolized in human intestinal epithelial cells and are not only oxidized for energy. Thus far, BLCFA have been revealed to possess versatile beneficial bioactivities, including cytotoxicity to cancer cells, anti-inflammation, lipid-lowering, reducing the risk of metabolic disorders, maintaining normal β cell function and insulin sensitivity, regulation of development, and mitigating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, compared to other well-studied dietary fatty acids like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), BLCFA has received disproportionate attention despite their potential importance. Here we outlined the major food sources, estimated intake, absorption, and metabolism in human cells, and bioactive properties of BLCFA with a focus on the bioactive mechanisms to advocate for an increased commitment to BLCFA investigations. Humans were estimated to absorb 6-5000 mg of dietary BLCFA daily from fetus to adult. Notably, iso-15:0 inhibited the growth of prostate cancer, liver cancer and T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas in rodent models at the effective doses of 35-105 mg/kg/day, 70 mg/kg/day, and 70 mg/kg/day, respectively. Feeding formula prepared with 20% w/w BLCFA mixture to neonatal rats with enterocolitis mitigated the intestine inflammation. Iso-15:0 at doses of 10, 40, and 80 mg/kg relieved brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. In the future, it is crucial to conduct research to establish the epidemiology of BLCFA intake and their impacts on health outcomes in humans as well as to fully uncover the underlying mechanisms for their bioactivities.
摘要：
The purpose of this experiment was to use a single-factor design to investigate the effects of different supplementation levels of plant essential oil/palygorskite composite (EPO-Pal) on growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal morphology of broiler chicken. A total of 960 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned into 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 40 chicks each. The broilers were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg EPO-Pal for 42 days, respectively. The results showed that the 500 or 750 mg/kg groups significantly increased the body weight, average daily feed intake and average daily gain of the broilers at 28 and 42 days (p < 0.05). Additionally, as compared to the control group, the 1000 mg/kg EPO-Pal group exhibited higher levels of immunoglobulins-A, immunoglobulins-G, immunoglobulins-M, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol while having lower levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (p < 0.05). The content of interleukin-2 and the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio were significantly increased in the 750 mg/kg EPO-Pal group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the activity of total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase were significantly enhanced in the 500 mg/kg EPO-Pal group (p < 0.05). The results are very promising, and EPO-Pal can be considered as an additive to promote the growth by enhancing immunity, antioxidant activity, and improving the intestinal morphology of broiler chickens.
通讯机构：
[Jun He; Mei Liu] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan 528226, China
摘要：
With the increasing popularity of genomic sequencing, breeders pay more attention to identifying the crucial molecular markers and quantitative trait loci for improving the body size and reproduction traits that could affect the production efficiency of pig-breeding enterprises. Nevertheless, for the Shaziling pig, a well-known indigenous breed in China, the relationship between phenotypes and their corresponding genetic architecture remains largely unknown. Herein, in the Shaziling population, a total of 190 samples were genotyped using the Geneseek Porcine 50K SNP Chip, obtaining 41857 SNPs for further analysis. For phenotypes, two body measurement traits and four reproduction traits in the first parity from the 190 Shaziling sows were measured and recorded, respectively. Subsequently, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) between the SNPs and the six phenotypes was performed. The correlation between body size and reproduction phenotypes was not statistically significant. A total of 31 SNPs were found to be associated with body length (BL), chest circumference (CC), number of healthy births (NHB), and number of stillborns (NSB). Gene annotation for those candidate SNPs identified 18 functional genes, such as GLP1R, NFYA, NANOG, COX7A2, BMPR1B, FOXP1, SLC29A1, CNTNAP4, and KIT, which exert important roles in skeletal morphogenesis, chondrogenesis, obesity, and embryonic and fetal development. These findings are helpful to better understand the genetic mechanism for body size and reproduction phenotypes, while the phenotype-associated SNPs could be used as the molecular markers for the pig breeding programs.
摘要：
As a member of the SNX family, the goat sorting nexin 29 (SNX29) is initially identified as a myogenesis gene. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the polymorphism in the SNX29 gene and its association with growth traits. In this study, we used an online platform to predict the structures of the SNX29 protein and used quantitative real-time PCR to detect potential copy number variation (CNV) in Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats (n = 541), Guizhou black (GB) goats (n = 48), and Nubian (NB) goats (n = 39). The results showed that goat SNX29 protein belonged to non-secretory protein. Then, five CNVs were detected, and their association with growth traits was analyzed. In SBWC goats, CNV1, CNV3, CNV4, and CNV5 were associated with chest width and body length (P < 0.05). Among them, the CNV1 individuals with gain and loss genotypes were superior to those individuals with a median genotype, but CNV4 and CNV5 of individuals with the median genotype were superior to those with the loss and gain genotypes. In addition, individuals with the gain genotype had superior growth traits in CNV3. In brief, this study suggests that the CNV of SNX29 can be used as a molecular marker in goat breeding.
摘要：
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of limiting nutrients and the N: P ratios on the growth of phytoplankton. In this study, we used the nutrient enrichment bioassays (NEB), Multivariate analysis of variance, and regression analysis. The results showed that the affected change of phytoplankton assemblages growth was the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorous. During the same period, the response time of phytoplankton to the input of external nutrients was similar. The growth rates of phytoplankton were not persistent. This is related to the differences in environmental conditions, dominant species composition, and phytoplankton growth strategies. Different dominant species also had different response mechanisms to nutrient addition. The growth effect of phytoplankton in the preliminary experiment in the laboratory was more significant than that in the field experiment. Water temperature and light were also important environmental factors affecting the growth of phytoplankton. Multivariate analysis of variance showed that phosphorus addition alone had a more significant stimulation on phytoplankton growth than that of nitrogen, especially for Synedra. But addition of both nitrogen and phosphorus had the most stimulating effect on Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta. The phytoplankton had the maximum growth in TN: TP = 19.87, phytoplankton growth was promoted with 0.9 & SIM; 13.59 mg/L TN and 0.02 & SIM; 0.684 mg/L TP. When the total phosphorus in summer was greater than 0.04 mg/L, the possibility of algal bloom and will be greater. The linear regression fitted chlorophyll a and phosphorus well, and the regression equation was as follows: Log(10)(Chl.a) = 2.154 + 0.5103 x Log(10)(TP). The binary regression equation of chlorophyll a and nitrogen and phosphorus was as follows: Chl.a = 33.84 + 1.769TN + 123.9TP.
摘要：
The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of different particle sizes of rice straw on the rumen protozoa count, nutrient disappearance rate, rumen fermentation, and microbial community in a rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. In this experiment, a single-factor random trial design was adopted. According to the different particle sizes of rice straw, there were three treatments with three replies in each treatment. Three kinds of goat total mixed ration (TMR), with the same nutrients were used to carry out a 10 days in vitro fermentation experiment using the rumen simulation system developed by Hunan Agricultural University, including 6 days the pretrial period and 4 days formal period. This study found that the organic matter disappearance rate, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), acetate, propionate, and iso-butyrate were greatest in the 4 mm group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the alpha diversity, among the three groups (p > 0.05). The relative abundance of Treponema and Ruminococcus of the 2 mm group increased; the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio and Prevotella in samples increased in the 4 mm group. In addition, the results of correlation analysis showed that Prevotella and Ruminococcus was positively correlated with butyrate, ammonia-N, dOM and d ADF (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with valerate (p < 0.05); Oscillospira was positively correlated with valerate (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with propionate, butyrate, ammonia-N, dOM and dADF (p < 0.05). The present results imply that compared to the other groups, rice straw particle size of 4 mm may improve the disappearance rate of nutrients and promote the production of volatile fatty acids by regulating ruminal microorganisms.
通讯机构：
[Zhipeng Gao; Jiajing Guo] H;Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Agriculture Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, Hunan Province, China
关键词：
Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl.;E. coli;Linalool;Lipopolysaccharide;Proteome;Ribosomal assembly;Substrate transportation;Transcriptome
期刊：
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules,2023年240:124384 ISSN：0141-8130
通讯作者：
Xiang Zhao
作者机构：
[Ying, Yan-Rong; Xiao, Tiao-Yi; Long, Zhe; Xiong, Shu-Ting; Zhao, Xiang; Li, Jun-Hua] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Fisheries, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Xiao, Tiao-Yi; Long, Zhe; Xiong, Shu-Ting; Li, Jun-Hua] Hunan Agr Univ, Hunan Engn Technol Res Ctr Featured Aquat Resource, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Yi-Bing; Zhao, Xiang] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Hydrobiol, State Key Lab Freshwater Ecol & Biotechnol, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xiang Zhao] C;College of Fisheries, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
摘要：
Membrane-associated RING-CH-type finger (MARCH) proteins have been reported to regulate type I IFN production during host antiviral innate immunity. The present study reported the zebrafish MARCH family member, MARCH7, as a negative regulator in virus-triggered type I IFN induction via targeting TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) for degradation. As an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG), we discovered that MARCH7 was significantly induced by spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) or poly(I:C) stimulation. Ectopic expression of MARCH7 reduced the activity of IFN promoter and dampened the cellular antiviral responses triggered by SVCV and grass carp reovirus (GCRV), which concomitantly accelerated the viral replication. Accordingly, the knockdown of MARCH7 by siRNA transfection significantly promoted the transcription of ISG genes and inhibited SVCV replication. Mechanistically, we found that MARCH7 interacted with TBK1 and degraded it via K48-linked ubiquitination. Further characterization of truncated mutants of MARCH7 and TBK1 confirmed that the C-terminal RING of MARCH7 is essential in the MARCH7-mediated degradation of TBK1 and the negative regulation of IFN antiviral response. This study reveals a molecular mechanism by which zebrafish MARCH7 negatively regulates the IFN response by targeting TBK1 for protein degradation, providing new insights into the essential role of MARCH7 in antiviral innate immunity.
作者：
Pu, Xuan Xuan;Zhang, Xiu Min;Li, Qiu Shuang;Wang, Rong;Zhang, Min;...
期刊：
Frontiers in Microbiology,2023年13:1079056 ISSN：1664-302X
通讯作者：
Tan, Z.L.;Wang, M.
作者机构：
[Tan, Zhi Liang; Tan, Bie; Pu, Xuan Xuan] Univ Hunan Agr Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Technol, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Tan, Zhi Liang; Zhang, Xiu Min; Wang, Rong; Pu, Xuan Xuan; Zhang, Shi Zhe; Li, Qiu Shuang; Wang, Min] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Subtrop Agr, CAS Key Lab Agroecol Proc Subtrop Reg, Natl Engn Lab Pollut Control & Waste Utilizat Live, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Lin, Bo; Zhang, Min] Univ Guangxi, Dept Anim Sci & Technol, Nanning, Guangxi, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Tan, Z.L.] D;[Wang, M.] C;CAS Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan, China;Department of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan, China
通讯机构：
[Wenbing Zhang] T;The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China<&wdkj&>Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
期刊：
FRONTIERS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY,2023年14:1070692 ISSN：1664-2392
通讯作者：
Hussain, T.;Tan, B.
作者机构：
[Tan, Bie; Hussain, Tarique] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Anim Sci & Technol, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Yaseen, Anjaleena; Chughtai, Muhammad Ismail; Hussain, Tarique] Nucl Inst Agr & Biol, Pakistan Inst Engn & Appl Sci PIEAS, Coll NIAB C, Anim Sci Div, Faisalabad, Pakistan.;[Kandeel, Mahmoud] King Faisal Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Al Hufuf, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.;[Kandeel, Mahmoud] Kafrelshikh Univ, Fac Vet Med, Dept Pharmacol, Kafrelshikh, Egypt.;[Metwally, Elsayed] Suez Canal Univ, Fac Vet Med, Dept Cytol & Histol, Ismailia, Egypt.
通讯机构：
[Hussain, T.; Tan, B.] C;College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan, China
关键词：
male infertility;ROS;Oxidative Stress;Semen quality;Steriodogenesis
摘要：
Male infertility is a widely debated issue that affects males globally. There are several mechanisms involved. Oxidative stress is accepted to be the main contributing factor, with sperm quality and quantity affected by the overproduction of free radicals. Excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) cannot be controlled by the antioxidant system and, thus, potentially impact male fertility and hamper sperm quality parameters. Mitochondria are the driving force of sperm motility; irregularities in their function may lead to apoptosis, alterations to signaling pathway function, and, ultimately, compromised fertility. Moreover, it has been observed that the prevalence of inflammation may arrest sperm function and the production of cytokines triggered by the overproduction of ROS. Further, oxidative stress interacts with seminal plasma proteomes that influence male fertility. Enhanced ROS production disturbs the cellular constituents, particularly DNA, and sperms are unable to impregnate the ovum. Here, we review the latest information to better understand the relationship between oxidative stress and male infertility, the role of mitochondria, the cellular response, inflammation and fertility, and the interaction of seminal plasma proteomes with oxidative stress, as well as highlight the influence of oxidative stress on hormones; collectively, all of these factors are assumed to be important for the regulation of male infertility. This article may help improve our understanding of male infertility and the strategies to prevent it.
摘要：
Simple Summary: With the increase of protease types and products, it is time-consuming and laborious to evaluate the effect of protease on feed protein utilization with animal experiments, and it is not conducive to evaluate a large number of samples in a short time. The purpose of this study was to quickly evaluate the effects of four proteases (acidic, neutral, alkaline and keratinase) on feed ingredients (corn gluten meal, corn and soybean meal) using an in vitro method to determine the optimal dosage of each protease for corn gluten meal and corn and soybean meal, and to explore the factors affecting the effect of proteases. In addition, this research also carried out animal experiments to verify the effect of protease on the corn-soybean meal diet of 31-day-old broilers. Abstract: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different proteases alone or in combination on protein digestibility of broilers. In vitro, the properties of four proteases in broilers, including acidic protease (AcP), alkaline protease (AlP), neutral protease (NeP) and keratinase (Ker), on endogenous protease activity and their effects on protein digestibility of common ingredients in broiler diets were investigated using a gut-mimicking model. In vivo, 640 1-day-old male broilers were randomly divided into 8 groups of 10 with 8 replicates of 10 birds per replicate cage. Eight dietary treatments included a corn-soybean meal basal diet (control), and the basal diet with 1.6 U AcP/g, 0.8 U NeP/g, 0.8 U AlP/g, 0.4 U Ker/g, 1.6 U AcP/g + 0.8 U NeP/g, 1.6 U AcP/g + 0.8 U AlP/g, or 1.6 U AcP/g + 0.4 U Ker/g added. The experiment lasted for 31 days. The results showed that the optimum pH values of AcP, NeP, AlP and Ker were 3.0, 9.0, 11.0 and 11.0 in vitro, respectively. Ker recovery proportion was 37.68% at pH 3.3-6.2. AcP alone or in combination with NeP, AlP or Ker increased in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) and decreased ileal apparent digestibility of crude protein in 31-day-old broilers (p < 0.05). All protease supplementation reduced the ileal apparent digestibility of amino acids compared to the control (p < 0.05). Acidic protease had a positive effect on trypsin and chymotrypsin activities, while AlP and Ker showed a negative effect. In vivo, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in broiler diets supplemented with AcP compared to the control group. When adding exogenous proteases to broiler diets, their sensitivity to digestive pH and their negative effects on endogenous protease activity, dosage and combination effects should be taken into account. In addition, the properties and dosage of proteases and the protein level in the feed should be considered.
摘要：
Understanding the genetic variations of the horse (Equus caballus) genome will improve breeding conservation and welfare. However, genetic variations in long segments, such as structural variants (SVs), remain understudied. We de novo assembled 10 chromosome-level three-dimensional horse genomes, each representing a distinct breed, and analysed horse SVs using a multi-assembly approach. Our findings suggest that SVs with the accumulation of mammalian-wide interspersed repeats related to long interspersed nuclear elements might be a horse-specific mechanism to modulate genome-wide gene regulatory networks. We found that olfactory receptors were commonly loss and accumulated deleterious mutations, but no purge of deleterious mutations occurred during horse domestication. We examined the potential effects of SVs on the spatial structure of chromatin via topologically associating domains (TADs). Breed-specific TADs were significantly enriched by breed-specific SVs. We identified 4199 unique breakpoint-resolved novel insertions across all chromosomes that account for 2.84 Mb sequences missing from the reference genome. Several novel insertions might have potential functional consequences, as 519 appeared to reside within 449 gene bodies. These genes are primarily involved in pathogen recognition, innate immune responses and drug metabolism. Moreover, 37 diverse horses were resequenced. Combining this with public data, we analysed 97 horses through a comparative population genomics approach to identify the genetic basis underlying breed characteristics using Thoroughbreds as a case study. We provide new scientific evidence for horse domestication, an understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying the phenotypic evolution of horses, and a comprehensive genetic variation resource for further genetic studies of horses.
关键词：
WGCNA;weighted gene co-expression network analysis;RNA-Seq;RNA-sequencing;DEGs;differentially expressed genes;qPCR;quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction;FPKM;fragments per kilobase of transcript per million;GO;Ningxiang pig;backfat tissue;different developmental stage;WGCNA;hub gene;lipid metabolism
摘要：
Fat deposition is an economically important trait in pigs. Ningxiang pig, one of the four famous indigenous breeds in China, is characterized by high fat content. The underlying gene expression pattern in different developmental periods of backfat tissue remains unclear, and the purpose of this investigation is to explore the potential molecular regulators of backfat tissue development in Ningxiang pigs. Backfat tissue (three samples for each stage) was initially collected from different developmental stages (60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after birth), and histological analysis and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were then conducted. Fragments per kilobase of transcript per million (FPKM) method was used to qualify gene expressions, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Furthermore, strongly co-expressed genes in modules, which were named by color, were clustered by Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on dynamic tree cutting algorithm. Gene ontology (GO) and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment were subsequently implemented, and hub genes were described in each module. Finally, QPCR analysis was employed to validate RNA-seq data. The results showed that adipocyte area increased and adipocyte number decreased with development of backfat tissue. A total of 1,024 DEGs were identified in five comparison groups (120 days vs. 60 days, 180 days vs. 120 days, 240 days vs. 180 days, 300 days vs. 240 days, and 360 days vs. 300 days). The turquoise, red, pink, paleturquoise, darkorange, and darkgreen module had the highest correlation coefficient with 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days developmental stage, while the tan, black and turquoise module had strong relationship with backfat thickness, adipocyte area, and adipocyte number, respectively. Thirteen hub genes (ACSL1, ACOX1, FN1, DCN, CHST13, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL6A3, COL5A1, COL14A1, OAZ3, DNM1, and SELP) were recognized. ACSL1 and ACOX1 might perform function in the early developmental stage of backfat tissue (60 days), and FN1, DCN, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL5A1, COL6A3, and COL14A1 have unignorable position in backfat tissue around 120 days developmental stage. Besides, hub genes SELP and DNM1 in modules significantly associated with backfat thickness and adipocyte area might be involved in the process of backfat tissue development. These findings contribute to understand the integrated mechanism underlying backfat tissue development and promote the progress of genetic improvement in Ningxiang pigs.
通讯机构：
[Duan, YH ] C;Chinese Acad Sci, CAS Key Lab Agroecol Proc Subtrop Reg, Hunan Prov Key Lab Anim Nutr Physiol & Metab Proc, Inst Subtrop Agr,Natl Engn Lab Pollut Control & Wa, Changsha 410125, Peoples R China.;Univ Chinese Acad Sci, Beijing 100049, Peoples R China.
关键词：
weaned piglets;liver injury and restoration;lipopolysaccharide
摘要：
This study aimed to explore the effects of the incremental injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on liver histopathology, inflammation, oxidative status, and mitochondrial function in piglets. Forty healthy Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire castrated boars (21 +/- 2 days old, weight 6.84 +/- 0.11 kg) were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 8) and then slaughtered on days 0 (group 0, without LPS injection), 1 (group 1), 5 (group 5), 9 (group 9), and 15 (group 15) of LPS injection, respectively. The results showed that, compared to the piglets without LPS injection, LPS injection caused liver injury in the early phase, as manifested by the increased activities of serum liver injury-related parameters (aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, and total bile acid) on day 1, and impaired liver morphology (disordered hepatic cell cord arrangement, dissolved and vacuolized hepatocytes, karyopycnosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration and congestion) on days 1 and 5. Meanwhile, LPS injection caused liver inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction on days 1 and 5, as reflected by the upregulated mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1 beta, TLR4, MyD88, and NF-kappa B; increased MPO and MDA content; and impaired mitochondrial morphology. However, these parameters were ameliorated in the later phase (days 9 similar to 15). Taken together, our data indicate that the incremental injection of the LPS-induced liver injury of piglets could be self-repaired.
