摘要：
INTRODUCTION: Research on the molecular basis of dominant male sterility in rice and its application in sterile lines is significantly underdeveloped. This article aims to utilize dominant nuclear male sterile lines, which were created through the ectopic expression of ZmMs7 in the genetic background of rice, for the purpose of heterosis utilization. METHODS: At the same time, we conducted a study on the spatiotemporal expression characteristics of ZmMs7, performed transcriptome analysis, and implemented yeast two-hybrid experiments to elucidate its molecular regulatory mechanisms in mediating dominant nuclear male sterility in rice. RESULTS: The results confirm the successful construction of a dominant nuclear male-sterile (NMS) vector system (p5126-ZmMs7-DsRed) using the exogenous male-sterile gene ZmMs7. This system comprises three modules: first, a dominant nuclear male-sterile (NMS) functional module driven by p5126, designed to achieve the dominant nuclear male-sterile trait; second, a fluorescence-based selection module driven by the endosperm-specific promoter LTP2, which facilitates the expression of the red fluorescent protein gene DsRed; and finally, a herbicide resistance screening module driven by the constitutive CaMV35S promoter, enabling the expression of the selectable marker Bar gene. The system has successfully developed a practical dominant male-sterile rice line characterized by complete pollen sterility, stable fertility, and straightforward visual seed selection, with no adverse effects on plant growth. In the hybrid offspring, approximately 50% of the seeds are genetically modified fluorescent seeds, while the remaining seeds are non-genetically modified and non-fluorescent. Transgenic plants Pro5126: GUS and ProZmMs7: GUS do not exhibit expression in roots, stems, leaves, or glumes. It is proposed that p5126 may enhance the expression of the ZmMs7 gene, which could lead to the up-regulation of the rice pollen fertility gene RIP1, as well as the down-regulation of OsMADS5 and the leafy glume sterile genes OsMADS1 and LHS1. DISCUSSION: Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the proteins encoded by these three fertility genes interact with the protein encoded by ZmMs7. This study provides new insights into the molecular regulatory network governing male reproductive development in rice and offers a theoretical foundation and technical support for the development of novel male-sterile germplasm resources.
摘要：
The PDX gene is a key gene in the vitamin B6 synthesis pathway, playing a crucial role in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. To explore the family characteristics of the PDX gene in Brassica napus (B. napus) and its regulatory function under waterlogging stress, this study used five PDX genes from Arabidopsis thaliana as the basis for sequence analysis. Thirteen, eight, and six PDX genes were identified in B. napus, Brassica oleracea (B. oleracea), and Brassica rapa (B. rapa), respectively. Bioinformatics study reveals high conservation of PDX subfamily genes during evolution, and PDX genes in B. napus respond to waterlogging stress.In order to further investigate the effect of the PDX gene on waterlogging tolerance in B. napus, expression analysis was conducted on BnaPDX1.3 gene overexpressing B. napus plants and wild-type plants. The study showed that overexpressing plants could synthesize more VB6 under waterlogging stress, exhibit stronger antioxidant enzyme activity, and have a more effective and stable ROS scavenging system, thus exhibiting a healthier phenotype. These findings suggested that the BnaPDX1.3 gene can enhance the waterlogging tolerance of B. napus, which is of great significance for its response to waterlogging stress. Our study provides a basic reference for further research on the regulation mechanism of the PDX gene and waterlogging tolerance in B. napus.
摘要：
The tiller angle, one of the critical factors that determine the rice plant type, is closely related to rice yield. An appropriate rice tiller angle can improve rice photosynthetic efficiency and increase yields. In this study, we identified a transcription factor, TILLRE ANGLE CONTROL 8 (TAC8), that is highly expressed in the rice tiller base and positively regulates the tiller angle by regulating cell length and endogenous auxin content; TAC8 encodes a TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF transcriptional activator that is highly expressed in the nucleus. RNA-seq revealed that TAC8 is involved mainly in the photoperiod and abiotic stress response in rice. Yeast two-hybrid assays verified that TAC8 interacts with CHLOROPHYLL A/B-BINDING PROTEIN 1, which responds to photoperiod, and haplotype analysis revealed that a 34-bp deletion at position 1516 in the promoter region and a 9-bp deletion at position 153 in the coding region can result in impaired function or loss of function of TAC8. This study provides a new genetic resource for designing ideal plant types with appropriate rice tiller angle.
作者机构：
[Huili Luo; Yilu Huang; Yuhang Xiang; Jia Zhao] College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, Hunan, China;[Ying Zhou] Hunan National Standard Testing Technology Company, 410019 Changsha, Hunan, China;[Lijuan Chen] College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, Hunan, China
通讯机构：
[Huili Luo] C;College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, Hunan, China
摘要：
Electrochemical detection has been used to measure heavy metals in food, but matrix interferences remain limited the rapid treatment-detection. This study developed a Nafion-Bi 2 O 3 coating modified graphite paper/sodium alginate gel electrode to amplify the electrical signal of Pb(II) and improve the anti-interference towards organic acids and metal ions. Although negatively charged organic acids were excluded by Nafion, interferences of exchangeable ions were amplified. In the mix drip coating, Bi 2 O 3 was chemical combined and electrostatic interacted with OH, SO 3 − and C-S in Nafion. This modification reduced diffusion resistance, enhanced surface hydrophobicity and provided additional reactive oxygen binding sites. The peak current of Pb(II) increased 56.62 % and the detection limit was lowered to 0.015 μg/L. The recoveries of Pb in matrices were 78.33 %–106.45 %. The easy field modified graphite paper electrode represents an innovation, and this study will propel the rapid detection of heavy metals based on acid-extraction.
Electrochemical detection has been used to measure heavy metals in food, but matrix interferences remain limited the rapid treatment-detection. This study developed a Nafion-Bi 2 O 3 coating modified graphite paper/sodium alginate gel electrode to amplify the electrical signal of Pb(II) and improve the anti-interference towards organic acids and metal ions. Although negatively charged organic acids were excluded by Nafion, interferences of exchangeable ions were amplified. In the mix drip coating, Bi 2 O 3 was chemical combined and electrostatic interacted with OH, SO 3 − and C-S in Nafion. This modification reduced diffusion resistance, enhanced surface hydrophobicity and provided additional reactive oxygen binding sites. The peak current of Pb(II) increased 56.62 % and the detection limit was lowered to 0.015 μg/L. The recoveries of Pb in matrices were 78.33 %–106.45 %. The easy field modified graphite paper electrode represents an innovation, and this study will propel the rapid detection of heavy metals based on acid-extraction.
关键词：
Cadmium;Hybrid rice;Photosynthesis;Grain yield;Nitrogen use efficiency
摘要：
Context The presence of cadmium (Cd) in rice fields poses a significant threat to both rice production and human health. The low-Cd hybrid rice variety Zhenliangyou 8612 (L-Cd ZLY8612), developed through the mutation of the OsNRAMP5 gene, exhibits significantly lower Cd uptake. However, the impacts of this mutation on nitrogen (N) uptake, photosynthetic efficiency, and grain yield remain unclear.
The presence of cadmium (Cd) in rice fields poses a significant threat to both rice production and human health. The low-Cd hybrid rice variety Zhenliangyou 8612 (L-Cd ZLY8612), developed through the mutation of the OsNRAMP5 gene, exhibits significantly lower Cd uptake. However, the impacts of this mutation on nitrogen (N) uptake, photosynthetic efficiency, and grain yield remain unclear.
Method A two-year field experiment, along with a pot experiment, was conducted using Cd-contaminated soils and four different nitrogen treatments. Key parameters, including Cd uptake, photosynthesis, biomass, and yield, were measured, alongside 15 N isotope tracking to assess N uptake and utilization efficiency.
A two-year field experiment, along with a pot experiment, was conducted using Cd-contaminated soils and four different nitrogen treatments. Key parameters, including Cd uptake, photosynthesis, biomass, and yield, were measured, alongside 15 N isotope tracking to assess N uptake and utilization efficiency.
Results The average Cd concentration in L-Cd ZLY8612 grain was 73.4 % lower than that in ZLY8612 across two years of field experiments. Despite the OsNRAMP5 mutation, N uptake and utilization in L-Cd ZLY8612 were comparable to ZLY8612, with no significant differences in photosynthetic traits, dry matter accumulation, or grain yield. These findings suggest that L-Cd ZLY8612 can effectively reduce Cd accumulation without compromising N uptake or yield.
The average Cd concentration in L-Cd ZLY8612 grain was 73.4 % lower than that in ZLY8612 across two years of field experiments. Despite the OsNRAMP5 mutation, N uptake and utilization in L-Cd ZLY8612 were comparable to ZLY8612, with no significant differences in photosynthetic traits, dry matter accumulation, or grain yield. These findings suggest that L-Cd ZLY8612 can effectively reduce Cd accumulation without compromising N uptake or yield.
Conclusions L-Cd ZLY8612 effectively reduces Cd uptake without compromising N uptake or yield performance. The cultivation of low-Cd rice varieties such as L-Cd ZLY8612 presents a viable strategy for mitigating soil Cd contamination, while ensuring stable rice production.
L-Cd ZLY8612 effectively reduces Cd uptake without compromising N uptake or yield performance. The cultivation of low-Cd rice varieties such as L-Cd ZLY8612 presents a viable strategy for mitigating soil Cd contamination, while ensuring stable rice production.
摘要：
Salinity stress is a serious abiotic stress that negatively affects crop productivity and global food security. The extent of salinity stress is continuously increasing, which is a serious concern around the world. The present study was conducted to determine the impact of NaCl and Na2CO3 on the germination and growth of Amorpha fruticosa. The research utilized different concentrations of neutral salt (NaCl: 50, 100, and 200 mM) and basic salt (Na2CO3: 10, 20, and 30 mM). The results indicated that under salinity stress pericarp removal increased the seed germination rate and germination index of Amorpha fruticosa and decreased the germination time, leading to better seedling growth. Therefore, when planting in soil characterized by neutral salt, the pericarp can be removed for sowing to improve the planting effect. Plant growth was inhibited under alkali stress due to the increased absorption of Na+ and the high pH value, indicating that pericarp removal is not favorable under alkali stress. The length and biomass of both the radicle and the germ in the sand-based medium were higher compared to the paper-based medium (p < 0.05). Therefore, the sand culture method is recommended for seed germination experiments under stress for plants with developed radicle to provide a theoretical basis for making full use of plant resources, improving and utilizing saline soil, and improving production efficiency.
摘要：
The present study investigated the effect of the replacement of chemical fertilizers by organic fertilizers on agronomic traits of tobacco at maturity as well as on the conventional chemical quality of post-roasted tobacco leaves. To better understand the relationship between tobacco metabolites and roasted tobacco under organic nitrogen replacement treatments, post-roasting tobacco leaves were analyzed by an untargeted metabolomics analytical approach to identify key metabolites applicable to predicting tobacco quality. Methods: Yunyun Tobacco 87 was adopted as the test material in a field plot experiment with five fertilization treatments: T1 (100% chemical nitrogen fertilizer), T2 (25% organic nitrogen fertilizer + 75% chemical nitrogen fertilizer), T3 (50% organic nitrogen fertilizer + 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer), T4 (75% organic nitrogen fertilizer + 25% chemical nitrogen fertilizer), and T5 (100% organic nitrogen fertilizer). Additionally, the non-targeted metabolomics approach was employed for the in-depth analysis of metabolites in roasted tobacco leaves. Results: The targeted metabolomic analysis identified 991 metabolites in the positive ion pattern and 673 in the negative ion pattern across all treatments. Among these, certain pathways such as alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, D-amino acid metabolism, purine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and galactose metabolism were up-regulated, whereas other pathways such as starch and sucrose metabolism, betalain biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids were down-regulated and significantly enriched with differential metabolites. This study revealed the significant differences in the metabolite composition under different fertilization conditions, with a strong correlation between metabolites and tobacco quality indices. Organic fertilizers were observed to enhance tobacco quality by influencing tobacco metabolism, providing a scientific basis for optimizing fertilization strategies and improving tobacco quality.
作者机构：
[Qingyun Yan; Yuzhen Ming; Zhili He] Marine Synthetic Ecology Research Center, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China;[Jianzhong Liu] School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China;[Huaqun Yin] School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, China;[Qiang He] Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA;[Juan Li] College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
通讯机构：
[Qingyun Yan; Zhili He] M;Marine Synthetic Ecology Research Center, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China<&wdkj&>Marine Synthetic Ecology Research Center, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
摘要：
Rice cultivated in cadmium (Cd)-polluted acidic paddy soil poses important health risks in China. Mitigating Cd accumulation in rice is of crucial importance for food safety and human health. In this study, using Chuangliangyou 669 as the ratoon rice variety, a field experiment was conducted in paddy fields with severe Cd pollution (Cd concentration > 1.0 mg kg−1). The aim was to explore the impacts of different nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels (N1-180 kg hm−2, N2-153 kg hm−2, N3-126 kg hm−2) and planting densities (D1-20 cm × 20 cm, D2-16.7 cm × 16.7 cm) in the main crop on the yield and Cd accumulation characteristics of ratoon rice. The results showed that reducing the amount of N fertilizer would lead to a decrease in the yield of ratoon rice, while increasing the planting density could increase the yield, mainly by increasing the effective panicle. Among the various combined treatments, the yields of N1M2 and N2M2 were relatively high. The planting density had no significant impact on the Cd concentration, translocation factor and bioaccumulation factor of ratoon rice. The Cd concentration in various tissues of ratoon rice decreased significantly with the reduction in N fertilizer application. Reducing N fertilizer application could increase the pH, reduce the concentration of available Cd in the soil and consequently reduce the Cd bioaccumulation factor of various tissues of ratoon rice and the Cd translocation factor from roots and stems to brown rice. Considering both the yield and the Cd concentration in brown rice, N2M2 was the optimal treatment of reducing N and increasing density, which could maintain a relatively high yield while significantly reducing the Cd concentration.
摘要：
Cold stress during the booting stage of rice ( Oryza sativa ) significantly reduces yields, particularly in temperate and high-altitude regions. This study investigates the Ctb1 gene, critical for booting-stage cold tolerance, to improve breeding of resilient rice varieties. Re-sequencing the Ctb1 promoter in 202 accessions identified six Insertions and/or deletions (InDels) and four Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with an InDel at −1,302 bp significantly boosting Ctb1 expression and cold tolerance. Accessions carrying this InDel (Haplotype I) exhibited the highest tolerance. Near-isogenic lines (NIL- Ctb1 HapI ) introduced Haplotype I into the cold-sensitive Huazhan (HZ) variety, resulting in a 5.9-fold increase in Ctb1 expression, higher seedling survival, improved pollen fertility, a 64.2 % increase in seed setting rate, and a 12 g per plant yield boost under cold stress. These findings confirm the critical role of the −1,302 InDel in cold tolerance and establish NIL- Ctb1 HapI as a valuable breeding tool for cold-resilient rice.
Cold stress during the booting stage of rice ( Oryza sativa ) significantly reduces yields, particularly in temperate and high-altitude regions. This study investigates the Ctb1 gene, critical for booting-stage cold tolerance, to improve breeding of resilient rice varieties. Re-sequencing the Ctb1 promoter in 202 accessions identified six Insertions and/or deletions (InDels) and four Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with an InDel at −1,302 bp significantly boosting Ctb1 expression and cold tolerance. Accessions carrying this InDel (Haplotype I) exhibited the highest tolerance. Near-isogenic lines (NIL- Ctb1 HapI ) introduced Haplotype I into the cold-sensitive Huazhan (HZ) variety, resulting in a 5.9-fold increase in Ctb1 expression, higher seedling survival, improved pollen fertility, a 64.2 % increase in seed setting rate, and a 12 g per plant yield boost under cold stress. These findings confirm the critical role of the −1,302 InDel in cold tolerance and establish NIL- Ctb1 HapI as a valuable breeding tool for cold-resilient rice.
摘要：
Screening and breeding more resistant heat stress restorer lines represent an effective approach to addressing the decline in hybrid rice seed production caused by heat stress (HS). However, the molecular mechanisms affecting the differences in the heat resistance of anthers under HS remain unclear. This study compared the gene expression patterns of two hybrid rice restorer lines with differing heat resistances under HS and discusses the mechanisms of the heat response in rice. Under heat stress, 247 DEGs were co-expressed across varieties and were involved in biological processes such as protein processing and carbon metabolism, with heat shock proteins being the most ubiquitous. Interestingly, a substantial enrichment of genes related to non-structural carbohydrates and ATP was observed among the unique DEGs in R996 and R4628. Simultaneously, the contents of non-structural carbohydrates and ATP levels in the young spikes of R996 were significantly higher than those in R4628. This suggests that starch, soluble sugars and ATP play significant roles in heat tolerance during the flowering stage of rice. Overall, this study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying heat stress resistance in indica rice restorer lines and informs future strategies for the genetic improvement of heat tolerance in these varieties.
摘要：
The chalcone isomerase gene OsCHI , one of the key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, plays an important role in rice ( Oryza sativa ) resistance to abiotic stresses. This study reveals how the chalcone isomerase gene family member OsCHI3 participates in rice responses to drought stress through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Overexpression of OsCHI3 increased the tolerance of rice to drought stress. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of OsCHI3 reduced the drought tolerance of rice, an effect that is reversed by exogenous ABA treatment. Transcriptomic and physiological biochemical analyses indicated that flavonoids regulated by OsCHI3 not only scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also increase drought tolerance in rice by stimulating ABA biosynthesis through the regulation of OsNCED1 and OsABA8ox3 expression. These findings demonstrate that OsCHI3 increases drought stress tolerance in rice by activating the antioxidant defense system and the ABA metabolic pathway, providing new clues for drought-resistant rice breeding research.
The chalcone isomerase gene OsCHI , one of the key genes in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway, plays an important role in rice ( Oryza sativa ) resistance to abiotic stresses. This study reveals how the chalcone isomerase gene family member OsCHI3 participates in rice responses to drought stress through the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Overexpression of OsCHI3 increased the tolerance of rice to drought stress. In contrast, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of OsCHI3 reduced the drought tolerance of rice, an effect that is reversed by exogenous ABA treatment. Transcriptomic and physiological biochemical analyses indicated that flavonoids regulated by OsCHI3 not only scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also increase drought tolerance in rice by stimulating ABA biosynthesis through the regulation of OsNCED1 and OsABA8ox3 expression. These findings demonstrate that OsCHI3 increases drought stress tolerance in rice by activating the antioxidant defense system and the ABA metabolic pathway, providing new clues for drought-resistant rice breeding research.
关键词：
Rice;Grain yield;Panicle N application;Pushing resistance force;Plant growth regulator
摘要：
AimsLodging is one of the main factors that reduces rice yields. The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer at an appropriate ratio and plant growth regulators (PGR) can affect the relationship between stem lodging and yield.MethodsWe conducted a 2-year field experiment with three different N fertilizer ratios (N1, decreased panicle N rate; N2, medium panicle N rate; N3, increased panicle N rate) and two PGR (P1, paclobutrazol; P2, chitooligosaccharide) and a control (water).ResultsCompared with the control, both PGR significantly improved the lodging resistance and yield of rice. The pushing resistances force (PRF) of the rice stem in the P1 and P2 treatments was increased by 3.06%-19.76% and 25.26%-58.68%, respectively, and the LI was decreased by 17.74%-39.29% and 20.62%-35.05%, respectively. Morphological analyses showed that the P2 treatment increased the internode diameter and stem wall thickness of the third and fourth internodes. The P1 treatment reduced the height of gravity center and the internode length. Chemical analyses showed that both PGR increased the weight of stems, promoted the accumulation of N, P, and K in stems, and increased the contents of lignin and cellulose. Regardless of the PGR treatment, the N2 treatment significantly improved the morphological characteristics and physiological functions of the stem, resulting in increased lodging resistance and yields.ConclusionsTogether, our results show that foliar spraying with chitooligosaccharide combined with appropriate fertilizer management can be developed as an effective agronomic strategy to increase the lodging resistance and yields of double-cropping rice.
摘要：
PurposeSoil phosphorus (P) availability and microbial community are typically affected by agricultural land use. This study aimed to explore the link of soil available P and P-cycling-related bacteria and to distinguish P mobilization strategies between upland and paddy cropping systems.Materials and methodsA total of 120 soil samples were collected from 60 sites with adjacent upland and paddy soils in subtropical China. we analyzed soil P fractions and investigated bacteria-mediated P cycling by quantifying the abundance of genes involved in organic P (Po) mineralization (phoD, phoX, phoC), inorganic P (Pi) solubilization (pqqC, gltA), and P transport (pitA, pstS).Results and discussionThe abundance of P-cycling-related bacteria genes was significantly higher in paddy soils compared to upland soils. CaCl2-P, and enzyme-P levels were notably higher in upland soil. In upland soil, microbes harboring Po-mineralizing and Pi-solubilizing genes contributed indirectly to P availability by mobilizing enzyme-P. In paddy soil, citrate-P was strongly correlated with available P, suggesting that P availability is mainly controlled by organic acids released from root exudation and microbial activity.ConclusionsThe microbes mainly affected P availability via Po mineralizing in upland soil. In contrast, microbes tend to secrete organic acids to mobilize Pi in paddy soil.
摘要：
Background: Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is one of the most valuable forages in the world. As an outcrossing species, it needs bright flowers to attract pollinators to deal with self-incompatibility. Although various flower colors have been observed and described in alfalfa a long time ago, the biochemical and molecular mechanism of its color formation is still unclear. Methods: By analyzing alfalfa lines with five contrasting flower colors including white (cream-colored), yellow, lavender (purple), dark purple and dark blue, various kinds and levels of anthocyanins, carotenoids and other flavonoids were detected in different colored petals, and their roles in color formation were revealed. Results: Notably, the content of delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside in lines 3, 4 and 5 was 58.88, 100.80 and 94.07 times that of line 1, respectively. Delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside was the key factor for purple and blue color formation. Lutein and β-carotene were the main factors for the yellow color formation. By analyzing differentially expressed genes responsible for specific biochemical pathways and compounds, 27 genes were found to be associated with purple and blue color formation, and 14 genes were found to play an important role in yellow color formation. Conclusions: The difference in petal color between white, purple and blue petals was mainly caused by the accumulation of delphinidin-3,5-O-diglucoside. The difference in petal color between white and yellow petals was mainly affected by the production of lutein and β-carotene. These findings provide a basis for understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanism of alfalfa flower color formation.
摘要：
Transcriptomic and physiological analyses identified key salt-responsive pathways and genes inAmaranthus hypochondriacusunder 100/250mM NaCl stress. Soil salinization critically threatens crop productivity, necessitating the exploration of salt-tolerant species. Amaranthus hypochondriacus, recognized as a salt-tolerant grain species, exhibits distinct adaptive mechanisms under moderate (100mM NaCl) and severe (250mM NaCl) salinity based on the integrated physiological and multi-tissue transcriptomic analyses. Under moderate salt stress, physiological and transcriptomic analyses revealed three key tolerance strategies: rapid ABA signaling activation (e.g., NCED [9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase] upregulation within 6h exposure to salt stress), sustained leaf ion homeostasis (unchanged leaf Na⁺/K⁺ ratio), and tenfold root proline accumulation. Severe stress triggered osmotic imbalance (89% reduced stomatal conductance), ionic toxicity (24-fold elevated leaf Na⁺/K⁺ ratio), and oxidative damage (fivefold elevated leaf relative electrical conductivity) despite upregulated glutathione biosynthesis. Notably, A. hypochondriacus uniquely maintained DNA stability via enriched DNA repair pathways (e.g., homologous recombination) and transcriptional induction of replication-related gene. The WGCNA analysis identified multiple salt tolerance-associated key candidate genes, including the proline biosynthesis genes (P5CS [pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase] and P5CR [pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase]), as well as the ion transporter genes (NHX [Na(+)/K(+) antiporter] for sequestration of Na(+) into vacuoles and SOS1 [Salt Overly Sensitive 1] for extrusion of Na⁺ out of cells). Clustering of 1,578 transcription factors (TFs) identified six expression clusters, with root-specific ERF/MYB activation and leaf-enriched WRKY/C3H induction. This study elucidated the conserved salt tolerance strategies of grain amaranths, emphasizing its dual-phase adaptation: osmotic/ionic homeostasis under moderate stress and DNA stability maintenance under severe stress, orchestrated by lineage-specific TF networks. These findings provide critical insights for improving crop resilience in saline environments.
作者机构：
[Tang, Lei; Wei, Mengyi] College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.;State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China;[Wang, Kai] Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Co., Ltd., Changsha 410001, China;College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Yanbiao Zhou; Yuanzhu Yang] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China<&wdkj&>State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Co., Ltd., Changsha 410001, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China<&wdkj&>State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hunan Hybrid Rice Research Center, Changsha 410125, China<&wdkj&>College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China<&wdkj&>Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Southern Rice Innovation & Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hunan Engineering Laboratory of Disease and Pest Resistant Rice Breeding, Yuan Longping High-Tech Agriculture Co., Ltd., Changsha 410001, China
摘要：
Glume-opening of thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice (Oryza sativa L.) lines after anthesis is a serious problem that significantly reduces the yield and quality of hybrid seeds. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating the opening and closing of rice glumes remain largely unclear. In this study, we report the isolation and functional characterization of a glum-opening mutant after anthesis, named gom1. gom1 exhibits dysfunctional lodicules that lead to open glumes following anthesis. Map-based cloning and subsequent complementation tests confirmed that GOM1 encodes a receptor-like kinase (RLK). GOM1 was expressed in nearly all floral tissues, with the highest expression in the lodicule. Loss-of-function of GOM1 resulted in a decrease in the expression of genes related to JA biosynthesis, JA signaling, and sugar transport. Compared with LK638S, the JA content in the gom1 mutant was significantly reduced, while the soluble sugar, sucrose, glucose, and fructose contents were significantly increased in lodicules after anthesis. Together, we speculated that GOM1 regulates carbohydrate transport in lodicules during anthesis through JA and JA signaling, maintaining a higher osmolality in lodicules after anthesis, which leads to glum-opening.
摘要：
Plant growth and development require water, but excessive water hinders growth. Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil crop; it is drought-tolerant but sensitive to waterlogging, and its drought tolerance has been extensively studied. However, the waterlogging tolerance of sesame still has relatively few studies. In this study, two kinds of sesame, R (waterlogging-tolerant) and S (waterlogging-intolerant), were used as materials, and they were treated with waterlogging stress for 0, 24, 72, and 120 h. Physiological analysis showed that after waterlogging, sesame plants responded to stress by increasing the contents of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione (GSH), and some other antioxidants. The results of the multi-omics analysis of sesame under waterlogging stress revealed 15,652 (R) and 12,156 (S) differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 41 (R) and 47 (S) differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMis), and 896 (R) and 1036 (S) differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). The combined DEMi-DEG analysis that 24 DEMis regulated 114 DEGs in response to waterlogging stress. In addition, 13 hub genes and three key pathways of plant hormone signal transduction, glutathione metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism were identified by multi-omics analysis under waterlogging stress. The results showed that sesame regulated the content of hormones and antioxidants and promoted energy conversion in the plant through the above pathways to adapt to waterlogging stress. In summary, this study further analyzed the response mechanism of sesame to waterlogging stress and provides helpful information for the breeding of plants for waterlogging tolerance and genetic improvement.
摘要：
Antimony (Sb), a non-essential heavy metal, exerts severe toxic effects on the growth and development of plants. This study investigated the response of Brassica napus to Sb(III) stress under hydroponic conditions, focusing on Sb accumulation, physiological indexes, and transcriptome sequencing. Sb accumulation in different B. napus varieties showed consistent trends with physiological indicators (SOD, POD, CAT, MDA) in XZY512 root tissue. Both parameters increased with Sb concentration, reaching a peak at 75 mg/L before declining, suggesting that 75 mg/L Sb may be the optimal concentration for B. napus adaptation. Transcriptomic analysis identified 8,802 genes in root tissues and 13,612 genes in leaf tissues responsive to Sb stress, predominantly involved in oxidative stress responses, ABC transporters, glutathione metabolism, plant hormone signaling, and MAPK pathways. Physiological index changes were associated with upregulation of genes linked to antioxidants, including as CATs, GPXs, PERs, and GSTUs, in root tissues, whereas photosynthesis-related genes were mostly downregulated in leaf tissues. This work shows the potential of B. napus for phytoremediation efforts and offers important insights into its response mechanisms to Sb stress.
摘要：
Inexpensive metal oxides are the promising catalyst supports for catalytic pyrolysis to produce pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The catalytic co-pyrolysis of tobacco stem (TS) and recycled plastic (PP) is conducted using a Ni/CaO-Al 2 O 3 catalyst with varying CaO/Al 2 O 3 ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1) in a two-stage fixed bed reactor. Subsequently, TS and PP were decomposed at high temperature to produce pyrolysis oil and H 2 -rich pyrolysis gas, while CNTs were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the deposited catalyst (FeMo/MgO). The results demonstrated that Ni-based dual-support catalysts exhibit high total acidity (17–110 mmol/g) and optimal reduction temperature (300–600 °C). This is conducive to improve the catalytic cracking reactivity, improve product quality, and achieve CO 2 fixation. Ni/Ca-50 enhances C–H cracking, resulting in the production of hydrogen (46 %) and short-chain hydrocarbons, which is beneficial for generating higher-quality CNTs on the deposited catalyst with an ID/IG ratio of 0.52. Meanwhile, Ni/Ca-25 achieved the highest hydrocarbon content (65 %), fostering the generation of carbon source gases necessary for producing high-yield CNTs on FeMo/MgO, evidenced by a TPO weight loss of 40 %. The highly selective Ni-based dual-support catalysts hold significant potential for application in catalytic co-pyrolysis, paving the way for the widespread and large-scale deployment of pyrolysis technology.
Inexpensive metal oxides are the promising catalyst supports for catalytic pyrolysis to produce pyrolysis oil, pyrolysis gas and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The catalytic co-pyrolysis of tobacco stem (TS) and recycled plastic (PP) is conducted using a Ni/CaO-Al 2 O 3 catalyst with varying CaO/Al 2 O 3 ratios (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3 and 0:1) in a two-stage fixed bed reactor. Subsequently, TS and PP were decomposed at high temperature to produce pyrolysis oil and H 2 -rich pyrolysis gas, while CNTs were synthesized using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the deposited catalyst (FeMo/MgO). The results demonstrated that Ni-based dual-support catalysts exhibit high total acidity (17–110 mmol/g) and optimal reduction temperature (300–600 °C). This is conducive to improve the catalytic cracking reactivity, improve product quality, and achieve CO 2 fixation. Ni/Ca-50 enhances C–H cracking, resulting in the production of hydrogen (46 %) and short-chain hydrocarbons, which is beneficial for generating higher-quality CNTs on the deposited catalyst with an ID/IG ratio of 0.52. Meanwhile, Ni/Ca-25 achieved the highest hydrocarbon content (65 %), fostering the generation of carbon source gases necessary for producing high-yield CNTs on FeMo/MgO, evidenced by a TPO weight loss of 40 %. The highly selective Ni-based dual-support catalysts hold significant potential for application in catalytic co-pyrolysis, paving the way for the widespread and large-scale deployment of pyrolysis technology.
