摘要：
Cattle manure was converted into bio-oil via suband super-critical liquefaction with ethanol as the solvent. The effects of various reaction parameters, including the reaction temperature (T, 180-300 degrees C), solid-liquid ratio (S-1, 5-15%), and solvent filling ratios (S-2, 10-30%) on the yield of bio-oil (OCM) and residue (RCM) from liquefaction of cattle manure were studied. The yield of bio-oil was positively correlated to reaction temperature suggesting higher reaction temperature could promote the fragmentation of the polymers transformed into a liquid oil-rich phase and the maximum OCM relative yield (32.14 +/- 0.19%) was obtained at 300 degrees C. OCM had HHV of 25.63-33.41 MJ/kg and LHV of 23.85-31.39 MJ/ kg, respectively, suggesting their potential for use as a renewable energy to replace fossil energy. The GC-MS analyses demonstrated that the major compounds in OCM were esters, hydrocarbons, alcohols, phenolic compounds, nitrogenous and bromine components, the compositions of OCM was similar to that of biodiesel. The presence of ester compounds in OCM which was attributed to the degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses. Carbon-normal paraffin gram (C-NP) analysis indicated that C-18 and C-20 species comprised the bulk of the hydrocarbon compounds from OCM. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
摘要：
Polyphenols are a class of non-essential phytonutrients,which are abundant in fruits and vegetables.Dietary polyphenols or foods rich in polyphenols are widely recommended for metabolic health.Indeed,polyphenols(i.e.,catechins,resveratrol,and curcumin)are increasingly recognized as a regulator of lipid metabolism in host.The mechanisms,at least in part,may be highly associated with gut microbiome.This review mainly discussed the beneficial effects of dietary polyphenols on lipid metabolism.The potential mechanisms of gut microbiome are focused on the effect of dietary polyphenols on gut microbiota compositions and how gut microbiota affect polyphenol metabolism.Together,dietary polyphenols may be a useful nutritional strategy for manipulation of lipid metabolism or obesity care.
摘要：
Continuous leachate recirculation was performed in a solid-state anaerobic digestion (SS-AD) in an attempt to enhance and improve the biogas (methane) production from Miscanthus sp. Furthermore, microbial community dynamics was analysed, and liaised with the process performance and stability. Results showed that the SS-AD process without leachate recirculation showed significantly higher degradation degree of cellulose/hemicellulose (35% higher) as well as methane yield (65% higher) compared to the leachate recirculation processes. Continuous recirculation led to the transpose of active microbial groups from the main reactor to the leachate holding vessel, a condition which could be attributed to the poor degradation efficiency. Therefore, for the enhancement of biogas production in a SS-AD of structural mono-substrate with leachate recirculated process, the recirculation speed should be carefully chosen and optimized to minimize the disturbance and wash-out of the viable microbial consortium. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
摘要：
<jats:p>Pyrimidine nucleoside uridine plays a critical role in maintaining cellular function and energy metabolism. In addition to its role in nucleoside synthesis, uridine and its derivatives contribute to reduction of cytotoxicity and suppression of drug-induced hepatic steatosis. Uridine is mostly present in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, where it contributes to the maintenance of basic cellular functions affected by UPase enzyme activity, feeding habits, and ATP depletion. Uridine metabolism depends on three stages: <jats:italic>de novo</jats:italic> synthesis, salvage synthesis pathway and catabolism, and homeostasis, which is tightly relating to glucose homeostasis and lipid and amino acid metabolism. This review is devoted to uridine metabolism and its role in glucose, lipid, and amino acid homeostasis.</jats:p>
摘要：
The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that acts to enhance inflammatory responses by promoting the production and secretion of key cytokines. The best-known inflammasome is the NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor [NLR] family pyrin domain-containing 3) inflammasome. The evidence has shown that the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1beta, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and pyroptosis play vital roles in the development of diabetes. This review summarizes the regulation of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by NLRP3 via modulation of glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, inflammation, and apoptosis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in adipose tissue. Moreover, NLRP3 participates in intestinal homeostasis and inflammatory conditions, and NLRP3-deficient mice experience intestinal lesions. The diversity of an individual's gut microbiome and the resultant microbial metabolites determines the extent of their involvement in the physiological and pathological mechanisms within the gut. As such, further study of the interaction between the NLRP3 inflammasome and the complex intestinal environment in disease development is warranted to discover novel therapies for the treatment of diabetes.
摘要：
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of Lactobacillus brevis on the microbial community and serum metabolome in colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). ICR mice were randomly distributed into three treatment groups: (i) L. brevis treatment alone (control), (ii) DSS administration alone, and (iii) treatment with L. brevis and DSS. Our results demonstrate that L. brevis treatment significantly alleviated DSS-induced body weight loss and colon inflammation. In addition, LC-MS analysis of serum metabolites revealed that L. brevis treatment increased the serum level of metabolites against inflammatory responses or oxidative stressors caused by DSS in the murine model. By detecting colonic microbiota, L. brevis increased colonic microbial diversity after challenging with DSS, and increased the relative abundance of Alloprevotella at genus, but Bacteroidales was reduced (P < 0.05). These result indicated that L. brevis could lower the severity of colitis induced by DSS via improving reprogramming the serum metabolome and intestinal microbiota. These findings suggest that the probiotic L. brevis may prevent tissue damage from colitis.
摘要：
<jats:p><jats:italic>Background and Objective</jats:italic>. Bioactive peptides exert great influence in animals and human health by targeting gastrointestinal tracts. The colitis model of mice was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Thirty-two 8-week-old mice weighing 23 g on average were randomly assigned to four groups of 8 each: mice fed basal diet (CON), mice fed basal diet with 5% DSS (DSS), mice fed 0.03% IRW with 5% DSS (IRW-DSS), and mice fed 0.03% IRW with 5% DSS (IQW-DSS). After an adaptation period of 3 days, on day 8, all mice were slaughtered. Serum samples were collected to determine the level of amino acids; colonic tissue was quick-frozen for the determination of gene expression. <jats:italic>Methods</jats:italic>. The aim of this study was to assess the ability of two kinds of peptides (IRW and IQW) to repair intestinal inflammatory in the DSS-induced model in accordance with serum amino acids and intestinal inflammatory factors. <jats:italic>Results</jats:italic>. The results demonstrated that the addition of IRW and IQW had a mitigating effect on DSS-induced intestinal inflammation. The level of Asp decreased in the serum of mice supplemented with IRW-DSS (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo><</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>), and IQW enhanced the level of Leu, but lowered the level of Ser (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo><</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>). IQW and IRW addition reduced the level of TNF-<jats:italic>α</jats:italic> and IL-17 (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mo><</mml:mo><mml:mn>0.05</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math>). No other significant effects were observed. <jats:italic>Conclusions</jats:italic>. The present study demonstrated that intracolic administration of IRW and IQW might be a novel option for preventing inflammatory bowel disease via regulating the level of serum amino acid and enhancing the intestinal immune defense.</jats:p>
摘要：
The rapid self-renewal of intestinal epithelial cells enhances intestinal function, promotes the nutritional needs of animals and strengthens intestinal barrier function to resist the invasion of foreign pathogens. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short-chain, non-coding RNAs that regulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation by down-regulating hundreds of conserved target genes after transcription via seed pairing to the 3' untranslated regions. Numerous studies have shown that miRNAs can improve intestinal function by participating in the proliferation and differentiation of different cell populations in the intestine. In addition, miRNAs also contribute to disease regulation and therefore not only play a vital role in the gastrointestinal disease management but also act as blood or tissue biomarkers of disease. As changes to the levels of miRNAs can change cell fates, miRNA-mediated gene regulation can be used to update therapeutic strategies and approaches to disease treatment.
