摘要：
The impact of global warming on plant abundance has been widely discussed, but it remains unclear how warming affects plant physiological traits, and how these traits contribute to the abundance of aquatic plants. We explored the adjustments in physiological traits of two common aquatic plant species (Potamogeton crispus L. and Elodea canadensis Michx.) and their links to plant abundance in three temperature treatments by determining twelve physiological traits and plant abundance over an 11-month period in outdoor mesocosms. This mesocosms facility has been running uninteruptedly for 16years, rendering the plants a unique opportunity to adapt to the warming differences. We found that 1) warming reduced the starch storage in winter for P. crispus and in summer for E. canadensis while increased the nitrogenous substances (e.g., TN, FAA, and proline) in winter for P. crispus. 2) For E. canadensis, TC, starch, SC, and sucrose contents were higher in summer than in winter regardless of warming, while TC, SC, and sucrose contents were lower in summer for P. crispus. 3) Warming decreased the association strength between physiological traits and plant abundance for P. crispus but enhanced it for E. canadensis. 4) E. canadensis showed increased interaction strength among physiological traits under warming, indicating increased metabolic exertion in the response to warming, which contributed to the reduction in abundance. Trait interaction strength of P. crispus was reduced under warming, but with less impact on plant abundance compared with E. canadensis. Our study emphasizes that warming alters the network of plant physiological traits and their contribution to abundance and that different strengths of susceptibility to warming of the various plant species may alter the composition of plant communities in freshwater ecosystems.
摘要：
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have received extensive attention in green chemistry because of their ease of preparation, cost-effectiveness, and low toxicity. Pickering emulsions offer advantages such as long-term stability, low toxicity, and environmental friendliness. The oil phase in some Pickering emulsions is composed of solvents, and DESs can serve as a more effective alternative to these solvents. The combination of DESs and Pickering emulsions can improve the applications of green chemistry by reducing the use of harmful chemicals and enhancing sustainability. In this study, a Pickering emulsion consisting of a DES (menthol:octanoic acid = 1:1) in water was prepared and stabilized using starch nanoparticles (SNPs). The emulsion was thoroughly characterized using various techniques, including optical microscopy, transmission microscopy, laser particle size analysis, and rheological measurements. The results demonstrated that the DES-in-water Pickering emulsion stabilized by the SNPs had excellent stability and retained its structural integrity for more than 200 days at room temperature (20 °C). This prolonged stability has significant implications for many applications, particularly in the field of storage and transportation. This Pickering emulsion based on DESs and SNPs is sustainable and stable, and it has great potential to improve green chemistry practices in various fields.
期刊：
POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL,2024年 ISSN：0032-5473
通讯作者：
Zhao, LQ
作者机构：
[Zhu, Liping; Leng, Yueshuang; Xiao, Juxiong; Mao, Yitao] Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Dept Radiol, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zhao, LQ; Zhao, Luqing; Xiao, Juxiong; Mao, Yitao] Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Natl Clin Res Ctr Geriatr Disorders, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zhang, Yu] Oklahoma State Univ, Commun Sci & Disorders, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA.;[Li, Qingling; Zhao, LQ; Zhao, Luqing] Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Dept Pathol, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Li, Ying] Hunan Int Econ Univ, Dept Presch Educ, Changsha 410205, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Zhao, LQ ] C;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Natl Clin Res Ctr Geriatr Disorders, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ, Xiangya Hosp, Dept Pathol, Changsha 410008, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Cent South Univ, Sch Basic Med Sci, Xiangya Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Changsha 410013, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
clinical diagnostic research;sensitivity;specificity;types of statistical errors;statistical power
摘要：
BACKGROUND: Many medical postgraduate students exhibit a lack of clarity in their understanding of relevant statistical concepts during the conduct of diagnostic studies. METHODS: This article, grounded in research practice, delves into the role of understanding statistical concepts in diagnostic research. It includes an exploration of sensitivity, specificity, types of statistical errors, and their interrelationships, as well as a discussion on statistical power-an often-overlooked but crucial concept in research. RESULTS: The article elucidates these important concepts with specific examples and illustrations, and addresses an issue of inconsistency related to the receiver operating characteristic curve in research practice. CONCLUSION: By drawing analogies between basic concepts in diagnostic tests and concepts in statistics, this article helps to enhance researchers' abilities in designing and interpreting clinical diagnostic studies, thereby improving the quality of clinical diagnostic research.
摘要：
This study employed a shell‐less method to shorten the curing time of salted egg yolks and conducted a comprehensive analysis of their flavour characteristics compared with those prepared using traditional methods. The findings highlighted the significant developmental potential of the rapid preparation approach. Summary The rapid shell‐less curing method significantly simplifies the processing cycle of salted egg yolks (SEYs). However, differences in flavour attributes between rapidly cured SEYs and traditionally cured SEYs have yet to be clearly established. Herein, a comprehensive evaluation of the volatile compounds in SEYs using HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS and HS‐GC‐IMS aims to delineate the flavour characteristics under varying preparation methods. Despite reduced oil exudation, the rapid salting process resulted in higher levels of free amino acids than the traditional approach. Hexanal, nonanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 2‐pentyl‐furan, phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, 2‐octenal, and 2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazine were identified as significant contributors to the SEY flavour profile. Conversely, salted hen egg yolks contained methional, decanal and 2‐methyl‐pyrimidine; whereas salted duck egg yolks presented with (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal, 2,6‐diethyl‐pyrazine and nonanoic acid. Principal component analysis of the E‐nose revealed that the aroma profile of rapid curing (SHY‐R25) was more similar to that of traditional curing (SHY). The rapid preparation technology presented a viable alternative to traditional pickling, capable of partially replicating the flavour of traditional salted egg yolks within a single day. These findings contributed to a more scientific application and preparation of SEY flavouring bases, providing a theoretical basis for flavour enhancement and development.
摘要：
BACKGROUND: Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important economic crop, and the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) to enhance its growth and suppress soil-borne diseases has garnered considerable research interest. However, the potential of yeast to augment the growth-promoting and disease-suppressing effects of PGPB on tobacco remains unclear. METHODS: This study investigated the effects of Pichia sp. microbial fertilizer (J1), PGPB-Klebsiella oxytoca microbial fertilizer (ZS4), and their composite fertilizer (JZ) on tobacco growth indexes, soil properties, and soil microbial community through a pot experiment. Additionally, field experiments were conducted to further assess the efficacy of the composite microbial fertilizer on tobacco growth and the incidences of soil-borne diseases, including tobacco bacterial wilt (TBW) and tobacco black shank (TBS). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: In the pot experiment, application of the microbial fertilizers significantly enhanced soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) levels. Compared to the control group (CK), J1, ZS4, and JZ microbial fertilizers significantly promoted tobacco growth, and the composite microbial fertilizers demonstrated superior to the individual microbial fertilizers. We found that the application of microbial fertilizer led to significant alterations in the structure and composition of the bacterial and fungal communities based on the high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions. The bacterial and fungal diversity indexes showed a decreasing trend. Key microorganisms such as Sphingomonas, Kitasatospora, Nitrosospira, Mortierella, and Trichoderma were identified as influential in regulating soil physicochemical parameters to enhance tobacco growth. Functional prediction further demonstrated a significant increase in the relative abundances of certain enzymes, including Alkaline phosphatase, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC deaminase), and Peroxidase, as well as antimicrobial substances like Tetracycline, Isoquinoline alkaloid, and Phenylpropanoids, following inoculation with the fertilizer. Besides, field experiments revealed that the JZ fertilizer significantly promoted tobacco growth and reduced the incidence of TBW and TBS, indicating its potential for further application in tobacco cultivation.
摘要：
The object of this study was to trace TwHf-derived toxins in raw honey and clarify their acute toxic effect related to the addition of honey or sugars. TwHf flowers, raw honey from TwHf planting base and from beekeepers in high-risk area were detected using LC-MS/MS. The results revealed five target toxins were detected in TwHf flowers; only celastrol was detected in one raw honey sample, as a food safety risk factor, celastrol had been traced back to TwHf flowers from raw honey. In a series of acute toxic tests on zebrafish, toxification effects were observed when honey, mimic honey or sugar was mixed with toxins. The degree of toxicity varied among various sugar-based solutions. At the same mass concentration, they follow this order: raw honey/mimic honey > glucose > fructose. The main toxic target organs of triptolide and celastrol with honey were the heart and liver.
摘要：
This research examined the impact of exogenous thermophilic bacteria and ripening agents on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, enzyme activity, and microbial community during composting. The use of ripening agents alone resulted in a 30.9% reduction in CO(2) emissions, while the use of ripening agents and thermophilic bacteria resulted in a 50.8% reduction in N(2)O emissions. Pearson's analysis showed that organic matter and nitrate nitrogen were the key parameters affecting GHG emissions. There was an inverse correlation between CO(2) and CH(4) releases and methane monooxygenase α subunit and N(2)O reductase activity (P<0.05). Additionally, N(2)O emissions were positively related to β-1, 4-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and ammonia monooxygenase activity (P<0.05). Deinococcota, Chloroflexi, and Bacteroidota are closely related to CO(2) and N(2)O emissions. Overall, adding thermophilic bacteria represents an effective strategy to mitigate GHG emissions during composting.
摘要：
<jats:p>Engineering <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</jats:italic> for biodegradation and transformation of industrial toxic substances such as catechol (CA) has received widespread attention, but the low tolerance of <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae</jats:italic> to CA has limited its development. The exploration and modification of genes or pathways related to CA tolerance in <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae</jats:italic> is an effective way to further improve the utilization efficiency of CA. This study identified 36 genes associated with CA tolerance in <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae</jats:italic> through genome-wide identification and bioinformatics analysis and the <jats:italic>ERG6</jats:italic> knockout strain (<jats:italic>ERG6</jats:italic>Δ) is the most sensitive to CA. Based on the omics analysis of <jats:italic>ERG6</jats:italic>Δ under CA stress, it was found that <jats:italic>ERG6</jats:italic> knockout affects pathways such as intrinsic component of membrane and pentose phosphate pathway. In addition, the study revealed that 29 genes related to the cell wall-membrane system were up-regulated by more than twice, NADPH and NADP<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> were increased by 2.48 and 4.41 times respectively, and spermidine and spermine were increased by 2.85 and 2.14 times, respectively, in <jats:italic>ERG6</jats:italic>Δ. Overall, the response of cell wall-membrane system, the accumulation of spermidine and NADPH, as well as the increased levels of metabolites in pentose phosphate pathway are important findings in improving the CA resistance. This study provides a theoretical basis for improving the tolerance of strains to CA and reducing the damage caused by CA to the ecological environment and human health.</jats:p>
摘要：
Levulinic acid, a hydrolysis product of lignocellulose, can be metabolized into important compounds in the field of medicine and pesticides by engineered strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Levulinic acid, as an intermediate product widely found in the conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass, has multiple applications. However, its toxicity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae reduces its conversion efficiency, so screening Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes that can tolerate levulinic acid becomes the key. By creating a whole-genome knockout library and bioinformatics analysis, this study used the phenotypic characteristics of cells as the basis for screening and found the HMX1 gene that is highly sensitive to levulinic acid in the oxidative stress pathway. After knocking out HMX1 and treating with levulinic acid, the omics data of the strain revealed that multiple affected pathways, especially the expression of 14 genes related to the cell wall and membrane system, were significantly downregulated. The levels of acetyl-CoA and riboflavin decreased by 1.02-fold and 1.44-fold, respectively, while the content of pantothenic acid increased. These findings indicate that the cell wall-membrane system, as well as the metabolism of acetyl-CoA and riboflavin, are important in improving the resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to levulinic acid. They provide theoretical support for enhancing the tolerance of microorganisms to levulinic acid, which is significant for optimizing the conversion process of lignocellulosic biomass to levulinic acid.
作者机构：
[Xue, Shuai; Tan, Tiansu; Xue, S; Yi, Zili] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Biosci & Biotechnol, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Xu, Yi] China Agr Univ, Coll Agron & Biotechnol, Beijing, Peoples R China.;[Liao, Xionghui] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Subtrop Agr, Changsha, Peoples R China.;[Xue, Shuai; Yi, Zili] Hunan Agr Univ, Hunan Engn Lab Miscanthus Ecol Applicat, Changsha, Peoples R China.;[Xue, Shuai; Yi, Zili] Hunan Agr Univ, Natl Energy R&D Ctr Nonfood Biomass, Hunan Branch, Changsha, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xue, S ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Biosci & Biotechnol, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.
关键词：
agricultural waste biomass;bioproducts;cadmium immobilization;control-releasing fertilizer;nutrient use efficiency;photosynthesis performance
摘要：
Fertilizers produced based on the rice‐husk derived biochar generally have the capacity of nutrients slow‐releasing and cadmium immobilization. Moreover, application of rice husk biochar derived fertilizer induced a marked enhancement in the nutrient use efficiency, grain yield, harvest index, and photosynthetic characteristics. These are particular true for the high‐pressure soaked rice husk biochar produced fertilizer. Abstract China, as a significant global consumer of chemical fertilizers and a leading producer of rice, faces challenges associated with low fertilizer efficiency and fewer utilization options of rice husks. The development of rice husk biochar‐based fertilizers (RHBF) offers a strategic solution to address these issues. In this study, diverse biochar fertilizer production techniques were used to develop four types of fertilizers: blended RHBF, soaked RHBF, high‐pressure soaked RHBF, and pure rice husk biochar coated fertilizer. The nutrients slow‐releasing performance of these four RHBF were compared by hydrostatic and soil column intermittent leaching methods. Effects of their application on rice growth, yield, and cadmium reduction potential were analyzed and compared by the pot trial. Results demonstrated that nutrients of the four RHBF were generally released slower in the soil compared with the conventional compound fertilizer (CK). The slow nutrient release effect was more pronounced under high‐pressure soaked RHBF. Notably, in the soil column leaching experiment, the cumulative leaching rates of nitrogen and K2O for RHBF3 (12.0% and 13.9%) were greatly lower than those of CK (42.3% and 51.3%). Moreover, the application of RHBF induced a marked enhancement in the nutrient use efficiency, grain yield, harvest index, and photosynthetic characteristics compared to CK. The average agronomic efficiency of P2O5 for the four RHBF increased by 102.8% compared with CK, while the average grain yield of the four RHBF increased by 20.6%. In addition, RHBF showed a significant reduction in Cd mobilization by an average of 80.1% compared to CK. This study offers a promising model for enhancing the comprehensive performance of RHBF and optimizing traditional fertilizer application practices.
摘要：
As a perennial forage crop, alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) has been extensively utilized for the vegetation restoration of degraded soil and provides feedstock for forage. Its high usage can be attributed to its high yield potential and the increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration of alfalfa cultivation. However, the impact of land conversion to alfalfa on SOC content and its underlying drivers remain unclear. We performed a meta -analysis at the global scale to explore the quantified effects of alfalfa cultivation on SOC content and identify its controlling factors. We employed 1699 pairwise data points from 90 publications based on cropland/abandoned land conversion to alfalfa. Globally, cropland (cropland -alfalfa) and abandoned land (abandoned land -alfalfa) conversion to alfalfa enhanced SOC content by 12.1 % and 13.7 %, respectively. Alfalfa exhibited greater SOC content benefits in the surface soils (0 -20 cm) with a lower level of initial SOC ( <16 g kg( - 1) ), regardless of the land conversion type. Cropland -alfalfa was observed to increase SOC content with fertilization, irrigation, and conventional tillage in the long term ( >5 years). Furthermore, abandoned land -alfalfa enhanced SOC content in the absence of alfalfa biomass removal and for longer cultivation durations ( >5 years). Boosted regression tree analyses indicated variations in soil properties (75 % for cropland -alfalfa and 65 % for abandoned land -alfalfa) as the primary factors driving changes in SOC content. The dominant drivers were determined as the soil layer (51.6 %), cultivation duration (13.1 %), and initial SOC (12.9 %) for cropland -alfalfa, and initial SOC (43.7 %), soil layer (24.6 %) and cultivation duration (17.1 %) for abandoned land -alfalfa. Land conversion to alfalfa has great potential for SOC sequestration, particularly in low -fertility soils. Therefore, alfalfa cultivation is highly recommended for degraded lands due to its SOC sequestration benefits in vegetation restoration.
摘要：
Marginal lands, such as those with saline soils, have potential as alternative resources for cultivating dedicated biomass crops used in the production of renewable energy and chemicals. Optimum utilization of marginal lands can not only alleviate the competition for arable land use with primary food crops, but also contribute to bioenergy products and soil improvement. Miscanthus sacchariflorus and M. lutarioriparius are prominent perennial plants suitable for sustainable bioenergy production in saline soils. However, their responses to salt stress remain largely unexplored. In this study, we utilized 318 genotypes of M. sacchariflorus and M. lutarioriparius to assess their salt tolerance levels under 150 mM NaCl using 14 traits, and subsequently established a mini-core elite collection for salt tolerance. Our results revealed substantial variation in salt tolerance among the evaluated genotypes. Salt-tolerant genotypes exhibited significantly lower Na+ content, and K+ content was positively correlated with Na+ content. Interestingly, a few genotypes with higher Na+ levels in shoots showed improved shoot growth characteristics. This observation suggests that M. sacchariflorus and M. lutarioriparius adapt to salt stress by regulating ion homeostasis, primarily through enhanced K+ uptake, shoot Na+ exclusion, and Na+ sequestration in shoot vacuoles. To evaluate salt tolerance comprehensively, we developed an assessment value (D value) based on the membership function values of the 14 traits. We identified three highly salt-tolerant, 50 salt-tolerant, 127 moderately salt-tolerant, 117 salt-sensitive, and 21 highly salt-sensitive genotypes at the seedling stage by employing the D value. A mathematical evaluation model for salt tolerance was established for M. sacchariflorus and M. lutarioriparius at the seedling stage. Notably, the mini-core collection containing 64 genotypes developed using the Core Hunter algorithm effectively represented the overall variability of the entire collection. This mini-core collection serves as a valuable gene pool for future in-depth investigations of salt tolerance mechanisms in Miscanthus.
摘要：
Phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria are widely studied for their ability to immobilize heavy metals and promote plant growth. However, previous studies have been focused on the effects of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on phosphorus release and heavy metal immobilization, and there is a lack of research on the effects of phosphatesolubilizing bacteria on rhizosphere soil bacterial communities and metabolites. In this study, the effects of Klebsiella sp. M2 on wheat rhizosphere microbiome and metabolism were investigated as well as the impact of these changes on wheat absorption of Cd. The results showed that under Cd stress, strain M2 reduced (77.54 %) the content of Cd in culture medium and secreted metabolites involved in plant growth promotion, Cd resistance, and phosphorus solubilization. A pot experiment showed that compared with the control, strain M2 increased (14.3 %-35.9 %) the dry weight and reduced (33.3 %-66.7 %) the content of Cd in wheat grains, straw, and roots. Strain M2 increased the exchangeable Ca, Ca2-P and Fe-P contents, soil pH, and alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased the acid-extractable Cd content in rhizosphere soil. The increase in Ca concentration had a significant promoting effect on the pH in rhizosphere soil. Moreover, the relative abundances of key bacteria such as Ramlibacter, Microvirga, Pseudarthrobacter, Massilia, Streptomyces, and Paenibacillus increased. Additionally, strain M2 increased the contents of some substances in rhizosphere soil that play an important role in immobilizing Cd and solubilizing phosphorus as well as improving wheat tolerance to Cd. The results showed that inoculation with an exogenous phosphate-solubilizing bacterial strain can result in the activation of key functional bacteria and the regulation of metabolite production in wheat rhizosphere soil to immobilize heavy metals, which has broad potential in the remediation of wheat fields with high heavy metal levels.
摘要：
<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of naturally occurring steroidal phytohormones mediating a wide range of pivotal developmental and physiological functions throughout the plant’s life cycle. Therefore, it is of great significance to determine the content and the distribution of BRs in plants.Regretfully, although a large number of quantitative methods for BRs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have been reported, the <jats:italic>in planta</jats:italic> distribution of BRs is still unclear because of their lower contents in plant tissues and the lack of effective ionizable groups in their chemical structures.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We stablished a novel analytical method of BRs based on C18 cartridge solid-phase extraction (SPE) purification, 4-(dimethylamino)-phenylboronic acid (DMAPBA) derivatization, and online valve-switching system coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electro spray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS). This method has been used to quantify three structural types of BRs (epibrassinolide, epicastasterone, and 6-deoxo-24-epicastaster one) in different organs of <jats:italic>Brassica napus</jats:italic> L. (rapeseed).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>We obtained the contents of three structural types of BRs in various organ tissues of rapeseed. The contents of three BRs in rapeseed flowers were the highest, followed by tender pods. The levels of three BRs all decreased during the maturation of the organs. We outlined the spatial distribution maps of three BRs in rapeseed based on these results, so as to understand the spatial distribution of BRs at the visual level.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Our results provided useful information for the precise <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> localization of BRs in plants and the metabolomic research of BRs in future work. The <jats:italic>in planta</jats:italic> spatial distribution of BRs at the visual level has been studied for the first time.</jats:p></jats:sec>
摘要：
Plant senescence is a highly coordinated process that is intricately regulated by numerous endogenous and environmental signals. The involvement of phytic acid in various cell signaling and plant processes has been recognized, but the specific roles of phytic acid metabolism in Arabidopsis leaf senescence remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis thaliana the multiple inositol phosphate phosphatase (AtMINPP) gene, encoding an enzyme with phytase activity, plays a crucial role in regulating leaf senescence by coordinating the ethylene signal transduction pathway. Through overexpressing AtMINPP (AtMINPP-OE), we observed early leaf senescence and reduced chlorophyll contents. Conversely, a loss-of-function heterozygous mutant (atminpp/+) exhibited the opposite phenotype. Correspondingly, the expression of senescence-associated genes (SAGs) was significantly upregulated in AtMINPP-OE but markedly decreased in atminpp/+. Yeast one-hybrid and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that the EIN3 transcription factor directly binds to the promoter of AtMINPP. Genetic analysis further revealed that AtMINPP-OE could accelerate the senescence of ein3-1eil1-3 mutants. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which AtMINPP regulates ethylene-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis, providing insights into the genetic manipulation of leaf senescence and plant growth.
摘要：
In this study, the speciation, leachability, phytoaccessibility, and environmental risks of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, and Cu) during liquefaction of contaminated peanut straw in ethanol at different temperatures (220, 260, 300, 340, and 380 degrees C) were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that elevated temperatures facilitated heavy metal accumulation in the biochar. The acid-soluble/exchangeable and reducible fraction percentages of heavy metals were substantially reduced in the biochar after liquefaction as the temperature increased, and the oxidizable fraction became the dominant heavy metal fraction, accounting for 44.14-78.67%. Furthermore, although an excessively high liquefaction temperature (380 degrees C) increased the residual fraction percentages of Zn and Cu, it was detrimental to Cd immobilization. The acid-soluble/exchangeable Cd in the contaminated peanut straw readily migrates to the bio-oil during liquefaction, with the highest concentration of 1.60 mg/kg at 260 degrees C liquefaction temperature, whereas Zn and Cu are predominantly bound to the unexchangeable fraction in the bio-oil. Liquefaction inhibited heavy metal leachability and phytoaccessibility in biochar, the lowest extraction rates of Cd, Zn, and Cu were 0.71%, 1.66% and 0.95% by diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, respectively. However, the leaching and extraction concentrations increased when the temperature was raised to 380 degrees C. Additionally, heavy metal risk was reduced from medium and high risk to no and low risk. In summary, liquefaction reduces heavy metal toxicity and the risks associated with contaminated peanut straw, and a temperature range of 300-340 degrees C for ethanol liquefaction can be considered optimal for stabilizing heavy metals.
摘要：
Niga-ichigoside F1, an ursolic acid-type pentacyclic triterpenoid, possesses various pharmacological properties, including anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive potentials. However, its function and underlying mechanism in ulcerative colitis (UC) remain unknown. Hence, this study aimed to explore the effect of Nigaichigoside F1 on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. The predictive results of network pharmacology identified 311 common targets of Niga-ichigoside F1 and ulcerative colitis. The 4 highest-scoring genes were screened by the BottleNeck method and they were, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), protein kinase B gamma (AKT3), and phosphatidylinositol-4,5bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit beta (PIK3CB). KEGG pathway analysis indicated that Niga-ichigoside F1 probably exerted a protective effect on UC through the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathways. Molecular docking results showed that Niga-ichigoside F1 had a high affinity for nuclear factor-kappa B-inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B-I kappa B) complex, with the lowest binding energy. Furthermore, our results in vivo showed that Niga-ichigoside F1 alleviated weight loss, colon shortening, disease activity index (DAI), and histological scoring in DSS-induced colitis mice. Moreover, Niga-ichigoside F1 decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) and the expression of oxidative stress markers nitric oxide (NO), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and malonaldehyde (MDA) to mitigate inflammation and intestinal damage. Western blotting results evidenced that Nigaichigoside F1 intervention significantly regulated the NF-kappa B pathway. In conclusion, this study highlighted the potential of Niga-ichigoside F1 in ameliorating colitis, indicating its potential application as a functional food.
