摘要：
This study aimed to investigate the effects of phosphorylated-ovalbumin (P-OVA) at different concentrations (0.5% and 1.0%) on the gel properties of pork myofibrillar protein (MP). The results showed that the textural properties such as gel hardness, cohesiveness, springiness and chewiness were improved with P-OVA addition at 0.5%. The water holding capacity (up to 75.89%) and gel strength (up to 168.56 g·mm) of MP gel were markedly increased after P-OVA addition. The absolute value of zeta potential reached 13.85 mV and maximum hydrophobicity (15.2 μg) resulted from the addition of 0.5% P-OVA. The storage modulus (G’) and loss modulus (G’’) of MP gel were significantly increased from 50°C, and the G’ and G’’ significantly increased after 1.0% P-OVA addition, evidencing that the cross-linking effect of MP protein gel was enhanced. In addition, the P-OVA addition improved the structure of MP gel protein by reducing the α-helix, while increasing the β-sheet and the r-value (the ratio between two ultraviolet second-derivative peak-to-trough distances), which further promoted the uniform and compact gel network structure. This work demonstrated that P-OVA is a highly effective modifier that significantly improves the quality of MP gel. From a view of practice, 0.5% P-OVA is the optimal addition amount.
摘要：
The study aimed to explore the role of glucagon in regulating glucose metabolism and gain insight into the reasons for glucose intolerance in carnivorous fish. Firstly, Japanese flounder was injected intraperitoneally with glucagon and small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted glucagon receptor a (GCGRa), cAMP-response element binding protein 1 (CREB1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha). Secondly, a two-week feeding trial was conducted with Japanese flounder fed diets with 11.95% and 31.96% dietary carbohydrates, respectively. At the start and 7th day of the feeding trial, flounders fed each diet were intraperitoneally injected with saline or siGCGRa. Furthermore, the fish were separated into two groups and fasted for 72 h. Saline and siGCGRa were injected respectively at 6 h after feeding. The results showed that glucagon activated gluconeogenesis in the liver, leading to an elevation of plasma glucose levels, while interference of GCGRa, CREB1, and PGC-1 alpha caused the opposite results. Elevated dietary carbohydrate intake increased plasma glucose and insulin levels. Meanwhile, the glucagon signaling pathway was activated. After interference with the GCGRa, plasma glucose decreased, and the glucagon pathway was inhibited. The plasma insulin increased, and the mRNA expression of protein kinase B 8 (akt2) was up-regulated accordingly. In addition, upon injecting siGCGRa, it was observed that gluconeogenesis in the liver and plasma glucose levels during fasting were reduced in comparison to the control group. In contrast, plasma insulin levels and the transcription levels of akt2 and glucokinase (gck) in the liver exhibited an increase. In summary, the uninhibited glucagon signaling pathway promoted gluconeogenesis and suppressed the action of insulin in Japanese flounder, which might be the reason for the glucose intolerance.
关键词：
gut microbiome;pig;core gut microbes;gene catalog;germ-free mice
摘要：
Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) are the leading terrestrial animals used for meat production. The gut microbiota significantly affect host nutrition, metabolism, and immunity. Hence, characterization of the gut microbial structure and function will improve our understanding of gut microbial resources and the mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions. Here, we investigated the gut microbiomes of seven pig breeds using metagenomics and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We established an expanded gut microbial reference catalog comprising 17 020 160 genes and identified 4910 metagenome-assembled genomes. We also analyzed the gut resistome to provide an overview of the profiles of the antimicrobial resistance genes in pigs. By analyzing the relative abundances of microbes, we identified three core-predominant gut microbes (Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens, Prevotella copri, and Oscillibacter valericigenes) in pigs used in this study. Oral administration of the three core-predominant gut microbes significantly increased the organ indexes (including the heart, spleen, and thymus), but decreased the gastrointestinal lengths in germ-free mice. The three core microbes significantly enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier function and altered the intestinal mucosal morphology, as was evident from the increase in crypt depths in the duodenum and ileum. Furthermore, the three core microbes significantly affected several metabolic pathways (such as "steroid hormone biosynthesis," "primary bile acid biosynthesis," "phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis," and "phenylalanine metabolism") in germ-free mice. These findings provide a panoramic view of the pig gut microbiome and insights into the functional contributions of the core-predominant gut microbes to the host.
摘要：
Simple Summary: The intestinal health problems of weaned piglets cause serious economic losses. Historically, antibiotics have been used to prevent and treat intestinal problems in weaned piglets. However, the prohibition of antibiotics makes us need to find a safer and effective solution strategy. A large number of studies have shown that the endocannabinoid system, as a lipid mediator signaling system widely distributed in the gastrointestinal tract, interacts with the intestinal microbiota and maintains intestinal homeostasis. In this study, we found that the endocannabinoid system is closely related to the abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii through a piglet antibiotic model. It was further found that Lactobacillus johnsonii could improve intestinal health problems and alleviate piglet diarrhea. At the same time, its ability to regulate the endocannabinoid system was verified, and the correlation analysis found that its benefits are partly achieved through the participation of the endocannabinoid system. Probiotic intervention is a well-established approach for replacing antibiotics in the management of weaning piglet diarrhea, which involves a large number of complex systems interacting with the gut microbiota, including the endocannabinoid system; nevertheless, the specific role of the endocannabinoid system mediated by probiotics in the piglet intestine has rarely been studied. In this study, we used antibiotics (ampicillin) to perturb the intestinal microbiota of piglets. This resulted in that the gene expression of the intestinal endocannabinoid system was reprogrammed and the abundance of probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii in the colon was lowered. Moreover, the abundance of Lactobacillus johnsonii was positively correlated with colonic endocannabinoid system components (chiefly diacylglycerol lipase beta) via correlation analysis. Subsequently, we administered another batch of piglets with Lactobacillus johnsonii. Interestingly, dietary Lactobacillus johnsonii effectively alleviated the diarrhea ratio in weaning piglets, accompanied by improvements in intestinal development and motility. Notably, Lactobacillus johnsonii administration enhanced the intestinal barrier function of piglets as evidenced by a higher expression of tight junction protein ZO-1, which might be associated with the increased level in colonic diacylglycerol lipase beta. Taken together, the dietary Lactobacillus johnsonii-mediated reprogramming of the endocannabinoid system might function as a promising target for improving the intestinal health of piglets.
期刊：
International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2024年25(7):3657- ISSN：1422-0067
通讯作者：
Bi-E Tan<&wdkj&>Yulong Yin
作者机构：
Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for the Products Quality Regulation of Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China;These authors contributed equally to this work.;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.;Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
通讯机构：
[Bi-E Tan] K;[Yulong Yin] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China<&wdkj&>Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for the Products Quality Regulation of Livestock and Poultry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
摘要：
Dietary methionine restriction (MetR) offers an integrated set of beneficial health effects, including delaying aging, extending health span, preventing fat accumulation, and reducing oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate whether MetR exerts entero-protective effects by modulating intestinal flora, and the effect of MetR on plasma metabolites in rats. Rats were fed diets containing 0.86% methionine (CON group) and 0.17% methionine (MetR group) for 6 weeks. Several indicators of inflammation, gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and intestinal barrier function were measured. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze the cecal microbiota. The MetR diet reduced the plasma and colonic inflammatory factor levels. The MetR diet significantly improved intestinal barrier function by increasing the mRNA expression of tight junction proteins, such as zonula occludens (ZO)-1, claudin-3, and claudin-5. In addition, MetR significantly increased the levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by increasing the abundance of SCFAs-producing Erysipclotxichaceae and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and decreasing the abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria Proteobacteria and Escherichia-Shigella. Furthermore, MetR reduced the plasma levels of taurochenodeoxycholate-7-sulfate, taurocholic acid, and tauro-ursodeoxycholic acid. Correlation analysis identified that colonic acetate, total colonic SCFAs, 8-acetylegelolide, collettiside I, 6-methyladenine, and cholic acid glucuronide showed a significant positive correlation with Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 abundance but a significant negative correlation with Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus abundance. MetR improved gut health and altered the plasma metabolic profile by regulating the gut microbiota in rats.
关键词：
antilipidemic effect;antioxidant;bioactive components;citrus premature fruit drop;untargeted metabolomics
摘要：
Increasingly globally prevalent obesity and related metabolic disorders have underscored the demand for safe and natural therapeutic approaches, given the limitations of weight loss drugs and surgeries. This study compared the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of five different varieties of citrus physiological premature fruit drop (CPFD). Untargeted metabolomics was employed to identify variations in metabolites among different CPFDs, and their antilipidemic effects in vitro were assessed. The results showed that Citrus aurantium L. 'Daidai' physiological premature fruit drop (DDPD) and Citrus aurantium 'Changshan-huyou' physiological premature fruit drop (HYPD) exhibited higher levels of phytochemicals and stronger antioxidant activity. There were 97 differential metabolites identified in DDPD and HYPD, including phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, organic acids, terpenes, and lipids. Additionally, DDPD and HYPD demonstrated potential antilipidemic effects against oleic acid (OA)-induced steatosis in HepG2 hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In conclusion, our findings reveal the outstanding antioxidant activity and antilipidemic effects of CPFD, indicating its potential use as a natural antioxidant and health supplement and promoting the high-value utilization of this resource.
作者机构：
[Xilu Zhang; Xin Liu; Yida Liu; Aixiang Hou; Yuanliang Wang; Luoming Li] College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;[Xiaozhen Peng] School of Public Health & Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China;[Yulian Chen] College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;[Yu Xiao] College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Xiaozhen Peng] S;[Yu Xiao] C;School of Public Health & Laboratory Medicine, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua 418000, China<&wdkj&>College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
摘要：
Fermented-chopped pepper is a widely consumed condiment in China due to its attractive flavor. Chopped pepper seed (CPS) is the byproduct generated during the production of chopped pepper and is generally discarded as waste. In this study, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nutritional value of three varieties of CPS were investigated. Results indicated that the nutritional compositions of the three CPS varieties exhibited significant differences. All CPS samples contained 17 amino acids and were rich in fatty acids, with unsaturated fatty acids being predominant and accounting for 79 % of the total fatty acids. A total of 53 VOCs were identified by gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry, which could be classified into 9 groups, with aldehydes, esters, and alcohols comprising the three largest groups. The three varieties of CPS had remarkably varied aromas whereas there are five key VOCs (i.e., 2-pentylfuran, methional, ethyl 3-methylbutanoate, dimethyl disulfide, and nonanal) in all CPS samples. Network correlation analysis revealed that VOCs are closely correlated with amino and fatty acids. Thus, this study provides a useful basis for understanding the nutritional values and flavor characteristics of different CPS varieties, which could be used as an ingredient and might have great potential in the food industry.
作者机构：
[Duan, Yehui; Guo, Qiuping] Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China;[Chen, Qinghua] College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;College of Modern Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;[Wang, Jingzun] College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730124, China;College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Fengna Li] K;Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China<&wdkj&>College of Modern Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
关键词：
Bile acid;Gut microbiota;Leu;Lipid metabolism
摘要：
This study was conducted to explore the regulatory mechanism of leucine (Leu) on lipid metabolism of finishing pigs. Twenty-four Duroc×Landrace×Large cross pigs with an average body weight of 68.33±0.97kg were randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups with 8 replicates per group (1 pig per replicate). The dietary treatments were as follows: control group (CON), 0.25% Leu group and 0.50% Leu group. The experimental period was 42d. The results showed as follows. (1) Compared with the CON, 0.25% and 0.50% Leu increased (P<0.01) the average daily gain (ADG), while the average backfat thickness (ABT) and the ratio of feed intake to body weight gain (F:G ratio) were decreased (P<0.05). (2) In the 0.25% Leu group, the relative mRNA expression levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c), recombinant fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1), chemerin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) were decreased but the level of fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) were increased in backfat tissue. In the 0.25% Leu group, the protein levels of p-Rictor, p-Raptor, p-eIF4E-binding protein 1 (p-4EBP1), p-silent mating type information regulator 2 homolog 1 (p-SIRT1) and acetylation ribosome s6 protein kinase 1 (Ac-S6K1) were increased (P<0.05). (3) Compared to the CON, the diversity of gut microbiota in the 0.25% Leu group was increased. Principal component analysis showed that the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Lactobacillus and Desulfovibrio was higher in the 0.25% Leu group than the CON, but the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Treponema and Shigella was lower than in the CON (P<0.05). (4) Four different metabolites were screened out from the serum of finishing pigs including allolithocholic acid (alloLCA), isolithocholic acid (isoLCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA), which correlate to various degrees with the above microorganisms. In conclusion, Leu could promote adipose tissue lipolysis of finishing pigs through the mTOR-SIRT1 signaling pathway, and S6K1 is acetylated at the same time, and the interaction between gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism is also involved.
关键词：
L. delbrueckii;ileal bacteria;circadian rhythms;pigs
摘要：
Intestinal bacteria, synchronized with diet and feeding time, exhibit circadian rhythms and anticipate host gut function; however the effect of dietary probiotics on gut bacterial diurnal rhythms remains obscure. In this study, bacteria were sequenced at 6 Zeitgeber times (ZT) from a pig model of ileal T-shaped fistula to test ileal bacterial composition and circadian rhythms after Lactobacillus delbrueckii administration. The results showed that dietary L. delbrueckii enhanced ileal bacterial α-diversity at Zeitgeber time (ZT) 16, evidenced by an increased Simpson index compared with control pigs. At the phylum level, Firmicutes was identified as the largest phyla represented in pigs, but dietary L. delbrueckii only increased the abundance of Tenericutes at ZT16. At the genus level, 11/100 genera (i.e., Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, Leptotrichia, Pediococcus, Bifidobacte, Cellulosilyticum, Desulfomicrobium, Sharpea, Eubacterium, Propionivibrio, and Aerococcus) were markedly differentiated in L. delbrueckii-fed pigs and the effect was rhythmicity-dependent. Meanwhile, dietary L. delbrueckii affected six pathways of bacterial functions, such as membrane transport, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, cell motility, the endocrine system, signaling molecules and interaction, and the nervous system. Cosinor analysis was conducted to test bacterial circadian rhythm in pigs, while no significant circadian rhythm in bacterial α-diversity and phyla composition was observed. Lactobacillus, Terrisporobacter, and Weissella exhibited significant rhythmic fluctuation in the control pigs, which was disturbed by probiotic exposure. In addition, dietary L. delbrueckii affected circadian rhythms in ileal Romboutsia, Erysipelatoclostridium, Cellulosilyticum, and Eubacterium abundances. Dietary L. delbrueckii affected both ileal bacterial composition and circadian rhythms, which might further regulate gut function and host metabolism in pigs.
作者机构：
These authors contributed equally to this work.;[Yin, Lichen; Wang, Fang] Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.;[Wang, Tao] Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China;[Fu, Chenxing; Chen, Jiashun] Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
通讯机构：
[Chenxing Fu; Jiashun Chen] A;Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.<&wdkj&>Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
摘要：
Terminalia chebula extract (TCE) has many physiological functions and is potentially helpful in maintaining poultry health, but its specific effect on the growth of broilers is not yet known. This research investigated the effects of dietary Terminalia chebula extract (TCE) supplementation on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal health in yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 288 one-day-old yellow-feathered broilers were divided into four treatment groups (72 broilers/group), each with six replicates of 12 broilers. The broilers were given a basal diet of corn-soybean meal supplemented with 0 (control), 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg TCE for 56 d. The results demonstrated that, compared with the basal diet, the addition of TCE significantly increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the final body weight and overall weight gain and performance and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the feed-to-gain ratio in the overall period. Dietary TCE increased (linear, p < 0.05) the levels of IgM, IL-4, and IL-10 and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IL-6 in the serum. Dietary TCE increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the levels of IL-2 and IL-4, decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IL-1β, and decreased (linear, p < 0.05) the level of IL-6 in the liver. Dietary TCE increased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the level of IgM and IL-10, increased (linear, p < 0.05) the level of IgG, and decreased (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) the levels of IL-1β and IL-6 in the spleen. Supplementation with TCE linearly and quadratically increased (p < 0.05) the catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity activities while decreasing (p < 0.05) the malonic dialdehyde concentrations in the serum, liver, and spleen. TCE-containing diets for broilers resulted in a higher (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) villus height, a higher (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) ratio of villus height to crypt depth, and a lower (linear and quadratic, p < 0.05) crypt depth compared with the basal diet. TCE significantly increased (linear, p < 0.05) the acetic and butyric acid concentrations and decreased (quadratic, p < 0.05) the isovaleric acid concentration. Bacteroidaceae and Bacteroides, which regulate the richness and diversity of microorganisms, were more abundant and contained when TCE was added to the diet. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that supplementing broilers with TCE could boost their immune function, antioxidant capacity, and gut health, improving their growth performance; they could also provide a reference for future research on TCE.
摘要：
The quality of pasteurized milk is commonly assessed through microbiological analysis, with variations in storage conditions significantly impacting the suppression of bacterial growth throughout the milk's shelf life. This study investigated the dynamics of total bacterial counts (TBCs) and bacterial community shifts in milk that underwent pasteurization at 80 °C for 15 s. The milk was subsequently stored at 4 °C for varying intervals of 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16 days. Culture-based testing revealed a significant TBC increase during the storage period spanning 1 to 16 days (up to -log10 4.2 CFU/mL at day 16). The TBC in pasteurized milk exhibited accelerated microbial growth from day 13 onwards, ultimately peaking on day 16. Bacillus was detected through 16S rRNA identification. Principal component analysis demonstrated a significant impact of storage time on bacterial communities in pasteurized milk. Analysis of bacterial diversity revealed a negative correlation between the Shannon index and the duration of pasteurized milk storage. Using high-throughput sequencing, Streptococcus and Acinetobacter were detected as prevalent bacterial genera, with Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis showing as dominant taxa. The presence of Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis in pasteurized milk might be attributed to the initial contamination from raw milk with mastitis. This study offers new evidence of the prevalence of bacterial community in pasteurized milk, thereby adding value to the enhancement of quality control and the development of strategies for reducing microbial risks.
摘要：
Glucosinolates (GLS) in cruciferous vegetables are anti-nutritional factors. Excessive or long-term intake of GLS-containing feed is harmful to animal health and may cause kidney damage. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is a GLS. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of PEITC on a porcine kidney (PK-15) cell line and explored the mechanism of PEITC-induced apoptosis. We found that PEITC could affect cell viability and induce cell apoptosis after incubating cells for 24h. High concentrations of PEITC can induce intracellular ROS accumulation, resulting in impaired mitochondrial function (decreased MMP, decreased ATP) and DNA damage (increased 8-OHdG), cytochrome c in mitochondria is released into the cytoplasm and activates mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2 family and caspase-9, -3). Meanwhile, PEITC could induce intracellular Ca(2+) accumulation, disrupt ER homeostasis, and activate the expression levels of three ER-resident transmembrane proteins orchestrating the UPR (PERK, IRE-1α and ATF6) and ER-related proteins (GRP78 and CHOP), thereby activating ERS-pathway apoptosis-related proteins (caspase-12, -7). Our results showed that low concentration (2.5μM) of PEITC had no damaging effect on cells. In comparison, a high concentration (10μM) of PEITC could induce cell damage in porcine kidney cells and induce apoptosis in PK-15 cells via the Mitochondrial ROS-associated ERS pathway.
摘要：
To investigate the regulatory effects of Chito-oligosaccharide (COS) on the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and MAPK signaling pathways. A total of 40 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly allotted to 4 equal groups [including the control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group, COS group, and COS*LPS group]. On the morning of d 14 and 21, piglets were injected with saline or LPS. At 2h post-injection, whole blood samples were collected on d 14 and 21, and small intestine and liver samples were collected and analyzed on d 21. The results showed that COS inhibited the LPS-induced increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and hepatic TNF-α cytokines. COS significantly increased the serum total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) value on d 14, and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activities in both serum and liver on d 21. Furthermore, it increased hepatic catalase (CAT) activity. COS also increased the LPS-induced decrease in serum IgG concentrations. Immunohistochemical analysis results showed that COS significantly increased the jejunal and ileal Caspase 3, and ileal CD(4+) values challenged by LPS. Dietary COS decreased the LPS-induced jejunal and ileal BAX and CCL2 mRNA levels, markedly decreased ileal COX2 and SOD1 mRNA levels, while increasing ileal iNOS. Furthermore, COS significantly increased the LPS-induced jejunal and ileal p-P38 and MyD88, as well as jejunal P38, while it effectively suppressed jejunal JNK1, and jejunal and ileal JNK2, p-JNK1, and p-JNK2 protein expressions. These results demonstrated that COS could be beneficial by attenuating LPS-challenged intestinal inflammation via regulating mitochondrial apoptotic and MAPK signaling pathways.
摘要：
本试验旨在研究枸杞多糖（LBP）对阿司匹林（ASA）诱导小鼠肠道损伤的保护作用。选取24只7周龄的雄性昆明小鼠，适应性饲养7 d后随机分为对照组、阿司匹林组（ASA组）和枸杞多糖组（LBP组），每组8只。试验期12 d。试验期前6 d 对照组灌胃200 mg/kg生理盐水，ASA组和LBP组灌胃等量阿司匹林；试验期后6 d LBP组灌胃75 mg/kg枸杞多糖，对照组和ASA组灌胃等量生理盐水。结果显示，与对照组相比，ASA组的空肠绒毛高度（VH）显著降低（P＜0.05）和绒毛高度/隐窝深度（VH/CD）极显著降低（P＜0.01），回肠超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性极显著降低（P＜0.01），空肠和回肠丙二醛（MDA）含量极显著提高（P＜0.01），空肠白细胞介素-6（IL-6）含量具有提高的趋势（P＜0.10）。与ASA组相比，LBP组肾脏指数显著降低（P＜0.05），极显著提高空肠VH/CD、空肠和回肠的SOD活性（P＜0.01），极显著降低空肠和回肠MDA含量（P＜0.01）。综上所述，枸杞多糖可增强阿司匹林诱导小鼠损伤的空肠和回肠抗氧化能力，改善肠道形态结构，缓解小鼠肠道损伤。
作者机构：
[Zhonggui Xie; Xin Yang; Si Liu; Shaoming Li; Pengpeng Wang; Qi Deng; Zhou Zhang; Min Xie; Hao Wu] Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China;[Jie Zhou] College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China;Hunan Aquatic Foundation Seed Farm, Changsha 410153, China;Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.;[Jing Xiang] Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Aquatic Foundation Seed Farm, Changsha 410153, China
通讯机构：
[Rui Song] H;Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha 410153, China<&wdkj&>Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
关键词：
allometric growth;Hemibarbus maculatus;infection point;point of no return;primary feeding rate
摘要：
To clarify the allometric growth pattern and hunger tolerance of Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker larvae, the morphological lengths of their functional organs were measured continuously and their primary feeding rates under a state of starvation were studied. A control group and starvation group were set up for this study, and 10 larvae were sampled from each group every day in order to study their allometric growth pattern and starvation tolerance. The results indicated that the Hemibarbus maculatus larvae opened their mouths for feeding at 4 days after hatching, and that the yolk sac disappeared completely at 11 days after hatching. The Hemibarbus maculatus larvae preferentially developed their heads, fins, and eyes, related to the functions of feeding, balancing, and swimming, in order to cope with complex environments. The growth inflection points for the head length, pectoral fin length, dorsal fin length, eye diameter, eye spacing, snout length, and body height were characterized by total lengths of 10.93 mm, 11.67 mm, 11.67 mm, 13.17 mm, 16.53 mm, 15.13 mm, and 15.13 mm, respectively. Prior to and following the inflection point, positive allometric growth was observed in all organs. After the inflection point, the dorsal fin continued to maintain positive allometric growth, while the others changed to isometric allometric growth. A growth inflection point was not observed for trunk length or the lengths of the tail and anal fins. The trunk length always maintained negative allometry, while the tail and anal fin lengths were reversed. The growth inflection point of the tail length was at a total length of 13.68 mm. Before and after the growth inflection point, negative and isometric allometric growths were observed, respectively. According to the relationship between the total length and number of days after hatching, the growth inflection point of the Hemibarbus maculatus larvae was concentrated at TL = 10.93–16.53 mm, which was observed 14–20 days after hatching. The point of no return for the Hemibarbus maculatus larvae was 12–13 days after hatching, and the ratio of days after hatching in the mixed trophic period to the endotrophic period was 1.75, indicating that the larvae had strong hunger tolerance. Therefore, when considering a water temperature of 22.66 ± 1.56 °C, 4–5 days after hatching is the best time to cultivate in the pond, and it should not be carried out later than 12 days after hatching.
摘要：
China, being a major agricultural nation, employs aerobic composting as an efficient approach to handle agricultural solid waste. Nevertheless, the composting process is often accompanied by greenhouse gas emissions, which are known contributors to global warming. Therefore, it is urgent to control the formation and emission of greenhouse gases from composting. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms underlying the production of nitrous oxide, methane, and carbon dioxide during the composting process of agricultural wastes. Additionally, it proposes an overview of the variables that affect greenhouse gas emissions, including the types of agricultural wastes (straw, livestock manure), the specifications for compost (pile size, aeration). The key factors of greenhouse gas emissions during composting process like physicochemical parameters, additives, and specific composting techniques (reuse of mature compost products, ultra-high-temperature composting, and electric-field-assisted composting) are summarized. Finally, it suggests directions and perspectives for future research. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for achieving carbon neutrality and promoting environmentally-friendly composting practices.
作者机构：
[Chen, Jiaxin; Cheng, Qun] Department of Animal Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China;[Yang, Weiren; Liu, Yang; Niu, Jiaxing] Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China;[Liu, Hua] College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha 410128, China
摘要：
OBJECTIVE: This experiment aimed to explore the protective action of dietary supplementation with isoquinoline alkaloids (IA) from Macleaya cordata on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced liver injury in broilers. METHODS: Total 216 healthy broilers were selected in a 21-d trial and assigned randomly to the following 3 treatments: control (CON) group, LPS group, and LPS+IA group. The CON and LPS groups were provided with a basal diet, whereas the LPS+IA group received the basal diet supplemented with 0.6 mg/kg Macleaya cordata IA. Broilers in LPS and LPS+IA groups were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (1 mg/kg body weight) at 17, 19, and 21 days of age, while those in CON group were injected with equivalent amount of saline solution. RESULTS: Results showed LPS injection caused systemic and liver inflammation in broilers, inhibited immune function, and ultimately lead to liver injury. By contrast, supplementation of IA ameliorated LPS-induced adverse change in serum parameters, boosted immunity in LPS+IA group. Furthermore, IA suppressed the elevation of hepatic inflammatory cytokines and caspases levels induced by LPS, as well as the expressions of genes related to the tolllike receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factorkappa B (NF-κB) pathway. CONCLUSION: Dietary inclusion of 0.6 mg/kg Macleaya cordata IA could enhance immune function of body and inhibit liver damage via inactivating TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in broilers.
