摘要：
The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) in chickens and pigs were investigated in Beijing and Shanxi, China. In total, 322 C. perfringens (chicken n = 60 and pig n = 262) were obtained from 620 feces of chickens (n = 256) and pigs (n = 364). Multiplex PCR for toxin typing of C. perfringens revealed that all the isolates belong to type A, with 45.7 % (147/322) isolates carrying beta-2 toxin-encoding gene cpb2. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of 27 antimicrobial agents showed that 91.0 % of the tested C. perfringens isolates were resistant to gentamicin and sulfonamides (sulfisoxazole and trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole), and little resistance was showed to amoxicillin-clavulanate, ceftiofur, doxycycline, vancomycin and linezolid. Additionally, nosiheptide, avilamycin, virginiamycin and bacitracin exhibited good activity against the tested C. perfringens with low MIC50 (0.06 to <= 4 mu g/mL) and MIC90 values (0.25-8 mu g/mL). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 48 representative isolates from each farm indicated that the C. perfringens contained diverse antimicrobial resistance genes [tetA(P), ant(6)-Ib, erm(Q), etc.] and toxin genes (cpb2, colA, cloSI, pfoA, etc.). By comparative analysis, four C. perfringens isolates from three different pig farms harboured cpb2-carrying plasmid pl with 100 % nucleotide sequence identity, suggesting horizontal gene transfer among these microorganisms. The further phylogenomic reconstruction, based on the core-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the representatives, demonstrating that C. perfringens from the same farms and regions were closely related. These findings expanded our knowledge of C. perfringens isolated from animals in China, which provided scientific basis for efficient intervention or prevention measures of antimicrobial resistance in animal husbandry in China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, Zhao-Ying] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Hunan Engn Technol Res Ctr Vet Drugs, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
Gelsemium elegans is a flowering plant in the Loganiaceae. Because it can promote the growth of pigs and sheep, it is widely used, including in veterinary clinics, but little information is available about its biological effects. Here, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the ileums of pigs between a control group and a group fed Gelsemium elegans for 45 days. We found that Gelsemium elegans affected many inflammatory and immune pathways, including biological processes such as defense responses, inflammation and immune responses. Moreover, this study identified several important genes related to the anti-inflammatory activity of Gelsemium elegans (e.g., CXCL-8, IL1A, and CSF2), which will be beneficial for further study of the pharmacological mechanisms and clinical applications of Gelsemium elegans.
通讯机构：
[Wu, J; Sun, ZL] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin Vet Med, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Coinnovat Ctr Utilizat Bot Funct Ingredient, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
H2O2;IPEC-J2 cells;apoptosis;koumine
摘要：
Medicinal herbal plants have been commonly used for intervention in different diseases and improvement of health worldwide. Koumine, an alkaloid monomer found abundantly in Gelsemium plants, can be effectively used as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential protective effect of koumine against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2 cells). MTT assays showed that koumine significantly increased cell viability in H(2)O(2)-mediated IPEC-J2 cells. Preincubation with koumine ameliorated H(2)O(2)-medicated apoptosis by decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and efficiently suppressed the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and malondialdehyde (MDA) production. Moreover, a loss of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) activities was restored to normal level in H(2)O(2)-induced IPEC-J2 cells upon koumine exposure. Furthermore, pretreatment with koumine suppressed H(2)O(2)-mediated loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation, decrease of Bcl-2 expression and elevation of Bax expressions. Collectively, the results of this study indicated that koumine possesses the cytoprotective effects in IPEC-J2 cells during exposure to H(2)O(2) by suppressing production of ROS, inhibiting the caspase-3 activity and influencing the expression of Bax and Bcl-2. Koumine could potentially serve as a protective effect against H(2)O(2)-induced apoptosis.
摘要：
The multicomponent pharmacokinetic study of herbal medicine is a great challenge due to the low plasma concentrations, large range of concentration scales, lack of authentic standards and uncertain interactions of the components. The aim of this work was to explore the in vivo pharmacokinetics of herbal medicine independently of authentic standards using an integrated analytical strategy. First, ion pairs of multiple components were tuned and selected, and then major parameters were optimized for derivative multiple reaction monitoring (DeMRM) by LC-MS/MS, which was combined with characterization of the chemical profiles of the herbal medicine by LC-QqTOF/MS. Second, different concentrations of herbal extracts were employed instead of authentic standards to construct calibration curves for the semiquantitative determination of multiple components in plasma. Taking Gelsemium elegans as an example, in addition to the fully validated and sufficient methodological results, a total of 27 alkaloid components, major bioactive constituents of Gelsemium elegans, were simultaneously monitored in pig plasma. The concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetic properties of these 27 components were characterized. The absolute quantification of three components was compared with the results obtained using authentic standards, and the method showed very similar analytical characteristics, such as linearity, precision, accuracy, and the values of the pharmacokinetic parameters Tmax, Vd, Cl and MRT. This analytical strategy was found to be capable of assessing herbal pharmacokinetics independently of specific authentic compounds for each component. This study was the first attempt to systematically reveal the in vivo pharmacokinetics of Gelsemium elegans. This strategy and methodology will find widespread use in the quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis of multiple components independently of standards for herbal medicine, among other applications.
摘要：
为研究抗球虫新化合物沙咪珠利在鸡盲肠中的药物代谢和消除情况,建立检测鸡盲肠中沙咪珠利的高效液相色谱法.检测方法以妥曲珠利亚砜为内标,X TERRA MS C185μm(Waters,4.6×250 mm)柱为分析柱,乙腈:0.2%磷酸水溶液(v/v,35:65)为流动相等度洗脱,C18柱分离后,在251 nm波长紫外检测器检测,内标法定量.鸡盲肠样品经匀浆化后,乙腈提取、己烷除脂.结果表明,该方法在0.2~40 mg/kg添加浓度范围内检测鸡盲肠中沙咪珠利具有很好的线性关系(r2=0.994);平均相对回收率为90%~107%,日内变异系数2.37%~8.72%;日间变异系数4.09%~6.80%,具有特异性好、灵敏度高、准确性和重现性良好、操作简单等优点,能满足鸡盲肠中沙咪珠利的检测需求.
作者机构：
[Tian, Shi-Jie; Sun, Zhi-Liang; Zeng, Jian-Guo; Liu, Zhao-Ying; Cheng, Pi; Huang, Ya-Jun] Hunan Agr Univ, Vet Herbal Med Resources & Initiat, Natl & Local Union Engn Res Ctr, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Sun, Zhi-Liang; Liu, Zhao-Ying; Zhang, Zhuo-Yi; Huang, Ya-Jun] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Hunan Engn Res Ctr ofVeterinary Drug, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Zeng, Jian-Guo; Liu, Zhao-Ying] Hunan Agr Univ, Hunan Key Lab Tradit Chinese Vet Med, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Liu, Zhao-Ying] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Vet Herbal Med Resources & Initiat, Natl & Local Union Engn Res Ctr, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Hunan Engn Res Ctr ofVeterinary Drug, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;Hunan Agr Univ, Hunan Key Lab Tradit Chinese Vet Med, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
In this study, the biotransformation in the plasma, urine and feces of rats following oral administration of protopine (PRO) and allocryptopine (ALL)were explored using HPLC-QqTOF MS. An HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of tissues was developed and applied to the tissue distribution study in rats following intragastric administration of Plume Poppy Total Alkaloid for 3 weeks. A total of ten PRO metabolites and ten ALL metabolites were characterized in rats in vivo. Among these metabolites, six PRO metabolites and five ALL metabolites were reported for the first time. The predicated metabolic pathways including ring cleavage, demethylation following ring cleavage, and glucuronidation were proposed. The low-concentration residue of PRO and ALL in various tissues was detected at 24 h and 48 h after dosing, which indicated that both compounds could be widely distributed in tissues and exist as low levels of residue. The activities of erythromycin N-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase and NAD (P)H quinone oxidoreductase in female rats can be induced post-dose, but these activities were inhibited in male rats. The proposed biotransformation and residues of PRO and ALL and their effects on enzymes may provide a basis for clarifying the metabolism and interpreting pharmacokinetics.
