摘要：
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Milk deficiency is a prevalent problem in the world. Daylily (Hemerocallis citrina Borani), called the Chinese mother flower, is a traditional vegetable and is believed to possess a galactagogue effect in China. Flavonoids and phenols are considered as the active ingredients of daylily to promote lactation and improve depression. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the prolactin effects of freeze-dried powder of flower buds of H. citrina Baroni in rat and its action mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chemical constituents of flower buds of H. citrina Baroni treated by different drying techniques were analyzed by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model induced by bromocriptine was used to evaluate the effect of freeze-dried powder of daylily buds on promoting lactation. Network pharmacology method, ELISA, qPCR, and Western blot were used to clarify the action mechanisms. RESULTS: We detected 657 compounds in daylily buds. The relative contents of total flavonoids and phenols in freeze-dried samples were higher than those in dried ones. Bromocriptine, as a dopamine receptor agonist, can significantly inhibit prolactin in rats. Daylily buds can restore the levels of prolactin, progesterone and estradiol depressed by bromocriptine, effectively improve the milk production of the rat, and promote the repair of rat mammary gland tissue. We analyzed the relationship between the chemical components of daylily buds and the genes related to lactation with network pharmacology method, revealing that flavonoids and phenols may be the active components that promoted milk production via JAK2/STAT5 pathway, which was confirmed by the results of qPCR and Western blot. Daylily buds can increase the mRNA expression of PRLR, CSN2, LALBA and FASN and the protein expression of PRLR, JAK2 and STAT5. CONCLUSION: Daylily buds can improve the insufficient lactation of rats induced by bromocriptine through PRLR/JAK2/STAT5 pathway, and the freeze-dried processing method may better retain the active components of flavonoids and phenols that promote milk in daylily.
摘要：
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and its pathogenesis is related to intestinal mucosal barrier damage and gut microbiota imbalance. Protopine (PRO), an isoquinoline alkaloid, is one of the main anti-inflammatory ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br. This study investigated the effects of PRO on the intestinal mucosal barrier and gut microbiota in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis mice. C57BL/6J mice were treated with 3% DSS in drinking water to induce acute colitis, while PRO was administered orally once daily for 7 days. The results showed that PRO administration significantly alleviated the symptoms of DSS-induced colitis in mice and inhibited the expression of inflammation-related genes. In addition, PRO restored the integrity of the intestinal barrier in colitis mice by restoring colonic mucin secretion and promoting the expression of tight junction proteins. Furthermore, PRO alleviated the DSS-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis by decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria, Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus, as well as enhancing the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Firmicutes and Akkermansia. These findings suggested that PRO effectively alleviated DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by suppressing the expression of inflammation-related genes, maintaining the intestinal mucosal barrier and regulating the intestinal microbiota.
摘要：
Subacute mycotoxin exposure in food is commonly overlooked. As one of the most toxic trichothecene mycotoxins, the T-2 toxin severely pollutes human foods and animal feeds. In our study, we investigated the effects of low-dose T-2 toxin on glucose and lipid metabolic function and further investigated the protective effect of tannic acid (TA) in C57BL/6J mice. Results showed that low-dose T-2 toxin significantly impaired blood glucose and lipid homeostasis, promoted ferroptosis in the pancreas and subsequent repression of insulin secretion in β-cells, and impacted hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism by targeted inhibition of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS)/phosphatidylin-ositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, which induced insulin resistance and steatosis in the liver. TA treatment attenuated pancreatic function and hepatic metabolism by ameliorating oxidative stress and insulin resistance in mice. These findings provide new perspectives on the toxic mechanism and intervention of chronic subacute toxicity of foodborne mycotoxins.
通讯机构：
[Nengshui Ding] S;[Ruiming Hu] D;State Key Laboratory for Pig Genetic Improvement and Production Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China<&wdkj&>Key Laboratory of Swine Nutrition and Feed Science of Fujian Province, Aonong Group, Zhangzhou, China<&wdkj&>Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, China<&wdkj&>Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, No. 1101 Zhimin Avenue, Economic and Technological Development District, Nanchang, China
摘要：
Porcine Teschovirus (PTV), also named Teschovirus A, is prevalent in pig populations, mainly causing neurological symptoms, diarrhea, pneumonia, and reproductive failure, however the morbidity and mortality are usually low in pig farms. In this study, we reported a PTV outbreak investigation in one large-scale pig farm in China with severe symptoms including diarrhea, lethargy, locomotor ataxia, nystagmus, paralysis of the hind limbs, and coma in piglets. More importantly, the mortality reached 38% in suckling pigs, which is remarkably high in PTV history. A novel PTV strain, named HeNZ1, was isolated from cerebral samples of one suckling pig and the genome sequence was obtained by NGS sequencing. Phylogenetic and evolutionary divergence analyses revealed that HeNZ1 belongs to PTV genotype 2. Surprisingly, the VP1 coding region of HeNZ1 shares the highest sequence similarity with European PTV-2 strains, instead of China domestic PTV-2 strains, implying it may not derive from China local PTV-2 strains. Multiple sequence alignment and B cell epitope prediction of PTV VP1 and VP2 protein revealed 10 B cell epitopes, 5 mutant clusters and 36 unique mutation sites, of which 19 unique mutation sites are located in B cell epitopes and exposed on the surface of VP1 or VP2, implying significant antigenic drift potential of HeNZ1. These results indicate that HeNZ1 is a highly virulent PTV-2 strain, which capable of causing severe neurological symptoms and high mortality in piglets. Bioinformatic analysis suggest that HeNZ1 is genetically and antigenically different from other Chinese PTV-2 strains. Overall, current case expanded our understanding of PTV-2 clinical spectrum and revealed the emergence of a highly virulent PTV-2 strain with substantial genetic diversity and antigenic drift potential in VP1 and VP2.
摘要：
ScopeOlive oil, rapeseed oil, and lard are dietary fats rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, but the effects of dietary oils enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids on hepatic lipid deposition have seldom been compared.Methods and resultsNinety 8-week-old C57BL/6J male mice are randomly divided into six groups and fed diets containing lard, rapeseed oil, or olive oil with a 10% or 45% fat energy supply for 16 weeks. Under high-fat conditions, serum total cholesterol levels in the lard and olive oil groups are significantly higher than those in the rapeseed oil group. Hepatic lipid content in the olive oil group is higher than that in the other two groups. Compared with rapeseed oil, lard increases the liver levels of arachidonic, palmitic, and myristic acids and decreases the levels of eicosapentaenoic linolenic acid and linoleic acid. Olive oil increases the liver levels of docosatrienoic, arachidonic, oleic, and myristic acids; maltose; and fructose and decreases the levels of eicosapentaenoic, linolenic, and linoleic acids.ConclusionOlive oil probably causes hepatic lipid deposition in mice, which may enhance hepatic lipid synthesis by activating the starch and sucrose metabolic pathways. By contrast, rapeseed oil shows a significant anti-lipid deposition effect on the liver. Olive oil, rapeseed oil, and lard are dietary fats that are rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. This study investigates the effects of three dietary oils on hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in mice. Compared to rapeseed oil and lard, olive oil is most likely to cause hepatic lipid deposition by activating the metabolic pathways of starch and sucrose. image
摘要：
Early lactation increases metabolic stress in ketotic dairy cows, leading to mitochondrial damage, apoptosis, and inflammatory response in mammary epithelial cells. The pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) pathway involving the mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (Mito-ROS)-induced nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor has been recognized as a key mechanism in this inflammatory response and cell apoptosis. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanism of Mito-ROS-NLRP3 pathway-mediated mammary epithelial cell apoptosis in dairy cows with ketosis. Mitochondrial damage and cellular apoptotic program and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were observed in the mammary gland of ketotic cows. Similar damage was detected in MAC-T cells treated with exogenous fatty acids (FFAs). However, NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 pretreatment or Mito-ROS scavenging by MitoTEMPO attenuated apoptosis in FFA-induced MAC-T cells by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. These findings reveal that the Mito-ROS-NLRP3 pathway activation is a potent mechanism underlying mammary epithelial cell apoptosis in response to metabolic stress in ketotic dairy cows, which further contributes to reduced milk yield.
摘要：
Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a specific pathogen of pigs that is the etiological agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), which is responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The pathogenicity mechanism and possible particular virulence determinants of M. hyopneumoniae are not yet completely elucidated. Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the etiological agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), which causes substantial economic losses to the world's swine industry. Moonlighting proteins are increasingly being shown to play a role in the pathogenic process of M. hyopneumoniae. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key enzyme in glycolysis, displayed a higher abundance in a highly virulent strain of M. hyopneumoniae than in an attenuated strain, suggesting that it may have a role in virulence. The mechanism by which GAPDH exerts its function was explored. Flow cytometry and colony blot analysis showed that GAPDH was partly displayed on the surface of M. hyopneumoniae. Recombinant GAPDH (rGAPDH) was able to bind PK15 cells, while the adherence of a mycoplasma strain to PK15 was significantly blocked by anti-rGAPDH antibody pretreatment. In addition, rGAPDH could interact with plasminogen. The rGAPDH-bound plasminogen was demonstrated to be activated to plasmin, as proven by using a chromogenic substrate, and to further degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM). The critical site for GAPDH binding to plasminogen was K336, as demonstrated by amino acid mutation. The affinity of plasminogen for the rGAPDH C-terminal mutant (K336A) was significantly decreased according to surface plasmon resonance analysis. Collectively, our data suggested that GAPDH might be an important virulence factor that facilitates the dissemination of M. hyopneumoniae by hijacking host plasminogen to degrade the tissue ECM barrier.IMPORTANCE Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a specific pathogen of pigs that is the etiological agent of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine (MPS), which is responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The pathogenicity mechanism and possible particular virulence determinants of M. hyopneumoniae are not yet completely elucidated. Our data suggest that GAPDH might be an important virulence factor in M. hyopneumoniae that facilitates the dissemination of M. hyopneumoniae by hijacking host plasminogen to degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier. These findings will provide theoretical support and new ideas for the research and development of live-attenuated or subunit vaccines against M. hyopneumoniae.
摘要：
Culex mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) can transmit a variety of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), causing human and animal diseases. Cx. vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus are three representative species in Culex vishnui subgroup, which are widely distributed in southeast Asia, and they have been proved as the main vectors transmitting Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that could cause human infectious mosquito-borne disease across Asia. However, the epidemiology, biology, and even molecular information of those mosquitos remain poorly understood, and only the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus has been reported in these species. In the present study, we sequenced and annotated the complete mitogenome sequence of Cx. vishnui which was 15,587bp in length, comprising 37 genes. Comparisons of nucleotide and amino acid sequences between Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus revealed that most genes within Culex vishnui subgroup were conserved, except atp8, nad1, atp6, and nad6, with differences of 0.4 (rrnS) - 15.1% (tRNAs) and 0 (nad4L) - 9.4% (atp8), respectively, interestingly suggesting the genes nad4L and rrnS were the most conserved but atp8 gene was the least. The results based on nucleotide diversity also supported a relatively uniform distribution of the intraspecific differences in Cx. vishnui and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus with only one highly pronounced peak of divergence centered at the control region. Phylogenetic analyses using concatenated amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes supported the previous taxonomic classification of the family Culicidae and the monophyly of tribes Aedini, Culicini, Mansoniini, and Sabethini. The present study revealed detailed information on the subgroup Culex vishnui, reanalyzed the relationships within the family Culicidae, provided better markers to identify and distinguish Culex species, and offered more markers for studying the molecular epidemiology, population genetics, and molecular phylogenetics of Cx. vishnui.
摘要：
Groundwater resources are often contaminated by arsenic, which poses a serious threat to human and animal's health. Some studies have demonstrated that acute arsenic exposure could induce kidney injury because the kidney is a key target organ for toxicity, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Hence, we investigated the effect of SIRT1-/PINK1-mediated mitophagy on NaAsO(2)-induced kidney injury in vivo and in vitro. In our study, NaAsO(2) exposure obviously induced renal tubule injury and mitochondrial dysfunction. Meanwhile, NaAsO(2) exposure could inhibit the mRNA/protein level of SIRT1 and activate the mitophagy-related mRNA/protein levels in the kidney of mice. In HK-2 cells, we also confirmed that NaAsO(2)-induced nephrotoxicity depended on the activation of mitophagy. Moreover, the activation of SIRT1 by resveratrol alleviated NaAsO(2)-induced acute kidney injury via the activation of mitophagy in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, the inhibition of mitophagy by cyclosporin A (CsA) further exacerbated NaAsO(2)-induced nephrotoxicity and inflammation in HK-2 cells. Taken together, our study found that SIRT1-regulated PINK1-/Parkin-dependent mitophagy was implicated in NaAsO(2)-induced acute kidney injury. In addition, we confirmed that PINK1-/Parkin-dependent mitophagy played a protective role against NaAsO(2)-induced acute kidney injury. Therefore, activation of SIRT1 and mitophagy may represent a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of NaAsO(2)-induced acute renal injury.
作者机构：
[Li, Rong; Ma, Ping-Ping; Fu, Yi-Tian; Deng, Yuan-Ping; Liu, Guo-Hua] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Res Ctr Parasites & Vectors, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Nie, Yu] Hunan Univ Environm & Biol, Coll Biotechnol, Hengyang, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Wei] Univ Sunshine Coast, GeneCol Res Ctr, Anim Res Ctr, Sch Sci & Engn, Sippy Downs, Qld 4556, Australia.
通讯机构：
[Liu, GH ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Res Ctr Parasites & Vectors, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.
摘要：
The domestic pig louse Haematopinus suis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Phthiraptera: Anoplura) is a common ectoparasite of domestic pigs, which can act as a vector of various infectious disease agents. Despite its significance, the molecular genetics, biology and systematics of H. suis from China have not been studied in detail. In the present study, the entire mitochondrial (mt) genome of H. suis isolate from China was sequenced and compared with that of H. suis isolate from Australia. We identified 37 mt genes located on nine circular mt minichromosomes, 2.9 kb-4.2 kb in size, each containing 2-8 genes and onelarge non-coding region (NCR) (1,957 bp-2,226 bp). The number of minichromosomes, gene content, and gene order in H. suis isolates from China and Australia are identical. Total sequence identity across coding regions was 96.3% between H. suis isolates from China and Australia. For the 13 protein-coding genes, sequence differences ranged from 2.8%-6.5% consistent nucleotides with amino acids. Our result is H. suis isolates from China and Australia being the same H. suis species. The present study determined the entire mt genome of H. suis from China, providing additional genetic markers for studying the molecular genetics, biology and systematics of domestic pig louse.
期刊：
Medical and Veterinary Entomology,2022年36(4):444-455 ISSN：0269-283X
通讯作者：
Tian-Yin Cheng
作者机构：
[Cheng, Tian-Yin; Liu, Guo-Hua; Duan, De-Yong; Liu, Lei] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Res Ctr Parasites & Vectors, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.] Georgia Southern Univ, James H Oliver Jr Inst Coastal Plain Sci, US Natl Tick Collect, Statesboro, GA USA.;[Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.] Georgia Southern Univ, Dept Biol, Statesboro, GA USA.;[Apanaskevich, Dmitry A.] Russian Acad Sci, Zool Inst, St Petersburg, Russia.
通讯机构：
[Tian-Yin Cheng] R;Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
关键词：
China;identification;Ixodes hunanensis n. sp;new species
摘要：
Ixodes hunanensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae), is identified based on the morphological characteristics and molecular biological analyses of males and females ex hog badger, Arctonyx collaris Cuvier (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from China. Adults of this new species are similar to those of other species of the subgenus Pholeoixodes Schulze, 1942, from which they can be distinguished by the shape of basis capituli, development of cornua, size of porose areas, shape, and size of spurs on coxae and phylogenetic analyses of the cox1 and 16S rRNA sequences.
作者机构：
[Wang, Naidong; Wang, Dongliang; Mai, Jinhui; Yang, Yi] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Res Ctr Reverse Vaccinol RCRV, Hunan Prov Key Lab Prot Engn Anim Lab Funct Prote, Changsha 410128, Peoples R China.;[Xiao, Chao-Ting] Hunan Univ, Inst Pathogen Biol & Immunol, Coll Biol, Changsha, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Chao-Ting Xiao] I;[Naidong Wang] H;Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
关键词：
PCV4;Cap;epidemiology;genetic diversity
摘要：
Porcine circovirus type 4 (PCV4) is a newly emerging virus, with both PCV4 genomic DNA and specific antibodies detected in swine herds in several provinces in China and South Korea. Although the virus was first identified in 2019 in Hunan, China, retrospective research suggests that serum samples collected as early as 2008 were positive for PCV4 antibody. Infections with only PCV4 or co-infections with other pathogens have been associated with several clinical manifestations, but its pathogenesis remains to be determined. The purpose of this review was the following: (1) to characterize PCV4 epidemiology by assessing evolutionary dynamics and genetic diversity of PCV4 strains circulating in swine herds; (2) to reconstruct a computerized 3D model to analyze PCV4 Cap properties; (3) and to summarize the current evidence of PCV4-associated clinical-pathological manifestations. The origin of PCV4 is apparently distinct from other PCV, based on analysis of phylogenetic trees. Of note, PCV4 shares an ancient common ancestor with mink circoviruses. Furthermore, the amino acid residue at position 27 of the PCV4 Cap is a key benchmark to distinguish PCV4a (27S) from PCV4b (27 N), based on PCV4 strains currently available, and variation of this residue may alter Cap antigenicity. In addition, the capsid surface of PCV4 has characteristics of increased polar residues, compared to PCV2, which raises the possibility that PCV4 may target negatively charged host receptors to promote virus infection. Further studies are required, including virus isolation and culture, and more detailed characterization of molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of PCV4 in swine herds.
作者机构：
[Li, Rong; Fu, Yi-Tian; Deng, Yuan-Ping; Zhang, Xue-Ling; Liu, Guo-Hua; Li, Le-Yan] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Res Ctr Parasites & Vectors, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Suleman, Xue-Ling] Univ Swabi, Dept Zool, Swabi 23561, Khyber Pakhtunk, Pakistan.;[Yao, Chaoqun] Ross Univ, One Hlth Ctr Zoonoses & Trop Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Sch Vet Med, Basseterre, St Kitts & Nevi.
通讯机构：
[Guo-Hua Liu] R;[Chaoqun Yao] D;Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis
摘要：
BACKGROUND: The family Capillariidae is a group of thread-like nematodes of 27 genera and over 300 species that infect a great variety of hosts including humans. Among these, some taxa such as the genus Aonchotheca have remained controversial regarding their systematic status for decades. The aim of the current study was to verify Aonchotheca's systemic status and to further determine whether it is a distinct genus from Capillaria using molecular and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS: We sequenced the mitochondrial (mt) genome and nuclear small subunit (18S) rRNA gene of Aonchotheca putorii, a representative species of the genus, and investigated its systematic status in Trichinellida using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The differences in amino acid sequences of 13 protein-coding genes were 12.69-67.35% among Aonchotheca, Capillaria, Eucoleus,and Pseudocapillaria with cox1 (12.69%) and atp8 (67.35%) as the most and the least conserved gene, respectively, and the difference of two mt rRNAs was 18.61-34.15%. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete mt genome and 18S rRNAs unequivocally showed that Aonchotheca was a distinct genus from Capillaria. CONCLUSIONS: Large difference exists among Aonchotheca, Capillaria, Eucoleus, and Pseudocapillarias. Aonchotheca putorii is the first species in the genus Aonchotheca for which a complete mitogenome has been sequenced. These data are useful for phylogenetics, systematics and the evolution of Capillariidae.
通讯机构：
[Feijun Luo; Qinlu Lin] N;National Engineering Laboratory for Deep Process of Rice and Byproducts, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China<&wdkj&>Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
摘要：
Hyperlipidemia is intricately associated with the dysregulation of gut microbiota and host metabolomes. This study explored the antihyperlipidemic function of oryzanol and investigated whether the function of oryzanol affected the gut microbiome and its related metabolites. Hamsters were fed a standard diet (Control) and a high fat and cholesterol (HFCD) diet with or without oryzanol, separately. Our results showed that oryzanol significantly decreased HFCD-induced fat accumulation, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), LDL-c/HDL-c ratio, triglyceride, and liver steatohepatitis, attenuated HFCD-induced gut microbiota alterations, and altered amino acid concentrations in feces and the liver. We investigated the role of the gut microbiota in the observed beneficial effects; the protective effects of oryzanol were partly diminished by suppressing the gut bacteria of hamsters after using antibiotics. A fecal microbiota transplantation experiment was carried out by transplanting the feces from HFCD group hamsters or hamsters given oryzanol supplementation (as a donor hamster). Our results showed that administering the fecal liquid from oryzanol-treated hamsters attenuated HFCD-induced hyperlipidemia, significantly decreased the abundance of norank_f__Erysipelotrichaceae, norank_f__Eubacteriaceae, and norank_f__Oscillospiraceae and the concentration of tyrosine. These outcomes are significantly positively correlated with serum lipid concentration. This study illustrated that gut microbiota is the target of oryzanol in the antihyperlipidemic effect.
作者机构：
[Liu, Wei; Zhang, Yu; Liu, Guo-Hua; Nie, Yu; Li, Le-Yan; Chen, Shu-Yu] Hunan Agr Univ, Res Ctr Parasites & Vectors, Coll Vet Med, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Wei] Key Lab Anim Vaccine & Prot Engn, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Guo-Hua Liu; Wei Liu] R;Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China<&wdkj&>The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, Changsha, China
摘要：
Fleas are the most economically significant blood-feeding ectoparasites worldwide. Ctenocephalides felis and Pulex irritans can parasitize various animals closely related to humans and are of high veterinary significance. In this study, 82 samples were collected from 7 provinces of China. Through studying the nuclear genes ITS1 and EF-1α and two different mitochondrial genes cox1 and cox2, the population genetics and genetic variation of C. felis and P. irritans in China were further investigated. The intraspecies differences between C. felis and P. irritans ranged from 0 to 3.9%. The interspecific variance in the EF-1α, cox1, and cox2 sequences was 8.2–18.3%, while the ITS1 sequence was 50.1–52.2%. High genetic diversity was observed in both C. felis and P. irritans, and the nucleotide diversity of cox1 was higher than that of cox2. Moderate gene flow was detected in the C. felis and P. irritans populations. Both species possessed many haplotypes, but the haplotype distribution was uneven. Fu's Fs and Tajima's D tests showed that C. felis and P. irritans experienced a bottleneck effect in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Henan province. Evolutionary analysis suggested that C. felis may have two geographical lineages in China, while no multiple lineages of P.irritans were found. Using sequence comparison and the construction of phylogenetic trees, we found a moderate amount of gene flow in the C. felis and P. irritans populations. Both species possessed many haplotypes, but the distribution of haplotypes varied among the provinces. Fu’s Fs and Tajima’s D tests indicated that both species had experienced a bottleneck effect in Guangxi and Henan provinces. Evolutionary analysis suggested that C. felis may have two geographical lineages in China, while no multiple lineages of P.irritans were found. This study will help better understand fleas' population genetics and evolutionary biology.
通讯机构：
[Liu, GH; Duan, DY ] H;Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Res Ctr Parasites Vectors, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.
关键词：
Rhipicephalus microplus;Metagenomics;Midgut;Microbiome;Gene function
摘要：
Ticks, which are ectoparasites of animals, may carry multiple pathogens. The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus is an important bovine parasite in China. However, the midgut microbiome of R. microplus from China has not been characterized via metagenomic methods. Rhipicephalus microplus were collected from cattle in the city of Changsha in Hunan province, China. The DNA of the midgut contents was extracted from fully engorged adult female R. microplus. A DNA library was constructed and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq sequencing platform. SOAPdenovo software was used to assemble and analyze the clean data. The latent class analysis algorithm applied to system classification by MEGAN software was used to annotate the information on the species’ sequences. DIAMOND software was used to compare unigenes with the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, and functional annotation was carried out based on the results of the comparison. The dominant phyla in the five samples were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, Anaplasma, Enterococcus, Shigella, Lactobacillus, Brachyspira, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Bacillus, and Lactococcus were the dominant genera in the five samples. The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia was also detected in all of the samples. Mycobacterium malmesburyense, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Enterococcus faecium, Shigella sonnei, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus casei, Brachyspira hampsonii, Pseudomonas syringae, Enterobacter cloacae, and Lactococcus garvieae were the dominant species in the five samples. In addition to these bacterial species, we also detected some eukaryotes, such as Rhizophagus irregularis, Enterospora canceri, Smittium culicis, Zancudomyces culisetae, Trachipleistophora hominis, and viruses such as orf virus, human endogenous retrovirus type W, enzootic nasal tumor virus of goats, bovine retrovirus CH15, and galidia endogenous retrovirus in all of the samples at the species level. The results of the annotated KEGG pathway predictions for the gene functions of the midgut microflora of R. microplus indicated genes involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism, infectious diseases (e.g., Streptococcus pneumonia infection, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Shigella sonnei infection, Salmonella enterica infection, and pathogenic Escherichia coli infection), and cancer. Our study revealed that the midgut microbiome of R. microplus is not only composed of a large number of bacteria, but that a portion also comprises eukaryotes and viruses. The data presented here enhance our understanding of this tick’s midgut microbiome and provide fundamental information for the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases.
作者机构：
[Pu, Lixia; Li, Xiaolu; Zhang, Shaohua; Liu, Zhongli; Guo, Aijiang; Cai, Xuepeng; Guo, Xiaola; Wang, Shuai] Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Lanzhou Vet Res Inst, State Key Lab Vet Etiol Biol, Key Lab Vet Parasitol Gansu Prov, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, Peoples R China.;[Jian, Jianbo; Wu, Bin] BGI Shenzhen, BGI Genom, Shenzhen 518083, Peoples R China.;[Liu, Guo-hua] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Vet Med, Res Ctr Parasites & Vectors, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Wang, Shuai] Jiangsu Coinnovat Ctr Prevent & Control Important, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Xuepeng Cai; Shuai Wang] S;State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu Province, China<&wdkj&>Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China<&wdkj&>State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu Province, China
作者机构：
[Gui, Qingwen; Wang, Wenjing] Hunan Agr Univ, Coll Chem & Mat Sci, Changsha 410128, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[He, Yumin; Wang, Wenjing; Gao, Hongrui; Yin, Yulong; Feng, Zemeng] Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Subtrop Agr, Hunan Prov Key Lab Anim Nutr Physiol & Metab Proc, Key Lab Agroecol Proc Subtrop Reg, Changsha 410125, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[He, Yumin] Hunan Normal Univ, Coll Life Sci, Anim Nutr & Human Hlth Lab, Changsha 410081, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Deng, Lei] Cent South Univ, Sch Comp Sci & Engn, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China.;[Cao, Zhong] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Chem & Biol Engn, Hunan Prov Key Lab Mat Protect Elect Power & Trans, Hunan Prov Key Lab Cytochemistry, Changsha 410114, Hunan, Peoples R China.
通讯机构：
[Qingwen Gui] C;[Zemeng Feng] H;College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, PR China<&wdkj&>Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Canter for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observational and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, Hunan 410125, PR China
